Cardiovascular System (Mastering A&P)
Delay(s) occurs here while atria contract
AV node
Which of these structures conduct(s) action potentials the slowest? - AV bundle - purkinje fibers - AV node - bundle branches
AV node
which one of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood? - coronary sinus - inferior vena cava - pulmonary artery - superior vena cava - pulmonary vein
pulmonary vein
Which vessels return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart? - pulmonary arteries - pulmonary veins - inferior vena cava - superior vena cava - aorta
pulmonary veins
Convey(s) the impulse throughout the ventricular walls
purkinje fibers
the pointed, inferior portion of the heart, known as this, rests on the diaphragm and is oriented toward the left hip
apex
The aorta is classified as one of these vessels
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
arteries
these have thicker walls and a heavier tunica media
arteries
what large blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
The path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is ________. - arterioles, arteries, venules, veins, capillary beds - arterioles, arteries, capillary beds, venules, veins - arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, veins, venules - arterioles, arteries, capillary beds, veins, venules - arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, veins Submit
arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, veins
The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the ________, while the two inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the ________. ventricles; atria veins; arteries atria; ventricles arteries; veins
atria; ventricles
the AV valves are closed when: - atrial systole occurs - the atria contract - the ventricles fill with blood - atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure - atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure
atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure
Link(s) between the SA node and AV node
internodal pathways
what structure divides the left ventricle from the right ventricle? - interventricular semptum - chordae tendineae - interatrial septum - tricuspid valve - bicuspid valve
interventricular septum
heart chamber that contains the SA node
right atrium
Heart chamber that pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk
right ventricle
Which of these will increase arterial blood pressure (BP)? - vasoconstriction of arteries - decrease in peripheral resistance - increase in urine output - reduction of cardiac output (CO)
vasoconstriction of arteries
Some of these larger vessels have valves to prevent backflow
veins
have thinner walls and transport oxygen poor blood
veins
during atrial diastole, blood flows from the atria to the _____________ - ventricles - pulmonary trunk - lungs - aorta
ventricles
what does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing? - atrial depolarization - atrial repolarization - ventricular repolarization - ventricular depolarization
ventricular depolarization
Semilunar valves are forced open as pressure in the heart rises
ventricular systole
the lub-dup sounds of the heart result from:
closure of heart valves
what is the muscular layer of the heart wall? - endocaridum - myocardium - epicardium - fibrous pericardium
myocardium
what information can a clinician obtain from an ECG? - blood pressure - presence of a heart murmur - cardiac output - abnormality in electrical activity of the heart.
abnormality in electrical activity of the heart
Which of the following is not a method or pathway of movement for substances traveling across a capillary wall? - direct diffusion through the plasma membrane - transport via vesicles by endocytosis or exocytosis - active transport using proteins and ATP - diffusion through intercellular clefts - diffusion through the pores of fenestrated capillaries.
active transport using proteins and ATP
Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)? - semilunar valves only - both semilunar and AV valves - AV valves only
AV valves only
which of the following occurs when the pressure in the ventricles rises higher than the pressure in the atria? - AV valves open - semilunar valves open - AV valves close - semiluar valves close
Atrioventricular valves close
contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing? - QRS complex - t wave - p wave
P wave
which wave on the ECG results from the firing of the SA node? -T -ST -P -QRS
P wave
which of the following is a risk factor for developing essential hypertension? - genetic - race - obesity - all of the above
all of the above
Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the: - pulmonary trunk - aorta - coronary sinus - superior vena cava
aorta
what is the largest artery in the body?
aorta
which valve is closed during heart relaxation to prevent blood from backflowing from the aorta into the heart?
aortic semilunar valve
where does the SA node send an impulse after it initiates the electrical signal? - bundle branches - av node - purkinje fibers - av bundle
atrioventricular node
the first heart sound is caused by the closure of which valves?
atrioventricular valves
Substances tend to leave the bloodstream at the arterial end of the capillary because ________. osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure at the arterial end of the capillary - interstitial pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary - osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure at the venule end of the capillary - blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the venule end of the capillary - blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary
blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary
pulmonary arteries transport: - oxygenated blood to the heart. - oxygenated blood to the lungs - oxygenated blood directly to the aorta. - blood rich in carbon dioxide to the right atrium of the heart - blood rich in carbon dioxide to the lungs
blood rich in carbon dioxide to the lungs
How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output? - decreased SV, increased CO - increased SV, increased CO - decreased SV, no change in CO - no change in SV, decreased CO
decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output
which of the following will reduce blood pressure? - renin secretion - increasing blood viscosity - increasing cardiac output - decreasing peripheral resistance
decreasing peripheral resistance
pressure in the heart is low
diastole
the AV valves are open
diastole
what does the ECG wave tracing represent? - contraction of the heart - electrical activity in the heart
electrical activity in the heart
which of the following would increase heart rate? - increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. - epinephrine and norepinephrine - decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. - acetylcholine
epinephrine and norepinephrine
describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves? - pressure int he atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles. - pressure in the ventricles would be greater than in the atria. - pressures in the atria and ventricles would be equal.
pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles
what is the function of the heart valves? - regulates BP in the chambers of the heart - synchronizes blood flow through chambers on each side of the heart - allows blood to flow from one chamber to the next - prevents backflow of blood
prevents backflow of blood
arteries are normally depicted as red, while veins are colored blue due to the oxygenation of the blood being transported by each type of vessel. The exceptions to this rule are the ___________ arteries and veins. - coronary - pulmonary - hepatic - systemic
pulmonary
the transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is known as _____________ circulation. - systemic - coronary - pulmonary - cardiac
pulmonary
The alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle creates a pressure wave known as a(n) ________.
pulse
which one of the following areas is not a pressure point? - radial artery - renal artery - posterior tibial artery - dorsalis pedis artery - facial artery
renal artery
the SN node is located in the: - interventricular septum - right ventricle - aorta - left atrium - right atrium
right atrium
Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle? - bicuspid valve - aortic semilunar valve - pulmonary semilunar valve - tricuspid valve
tricuspid valve
through which valve will blood flow when leaving the right atrium? - pulmonary semilunar valve - bicuspid valve - aortic semilunar valve - tricuspid valve
tricuspid valve
Large veins have ________ to prevent the backflow of blood.
valves
due to low pressure in these vessels, skeletal muscle activity aids the return of blood by milking it along in these vessels towards the heart.
veins
return blood to the heart
veins
superior and inferior vena cava are classified as these types of vessels
veins
pulmonary circulation involves blood flow to and from the heart and the:
lungs
which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles? - most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves. - the majority of ventricular filling is caused by contraction of the atria
most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves
veins: transport oxygen-rich blood often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood operate under high pressure branch into smaller vessels called arterioles carry blood away from the heart
often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles? - bundle branches - av node - av bundle - purkinje fibers - sa node
AV node
the normal resting heart rate is about _____________ times per minute
75
Electrical link(s) between atria and ventricles
AV bundle
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system normally initiates the depolarizing impulse that causes a heartbeat?
SA node
set(s) the pace for the entire heart
SA node
which of the following is often called the pacemaker of the heart? - purkinje fibers - AV bundle - SA node - AV node
SA node
which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart? - purkinje fibers. - SA node - AV node - AV bundle
SA node
Convey(s) the impulse down the interventricular septum
bundle branches
microcirculation occurs in these vessels
capillaries
venules drain these tiny beds of vessels
capillaries
what blood vessel do you palpate when checking the pulse in your neck?
carotid artery
Oxygenated blood nourishing the myocardium comes from vessels that branch off the aorta called: - pulmonary veins - venae cavae - coronary arteries - pulmonary arteries
coronary arteries
what causes the aortic semilunar valve to close? - higher ventricular pressure than aortic pressure. - greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle. - equal ventricular and aortic pressures.
greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle
Cardiac output is the product of which two variables?
heart rate and stroke volume
sustained elevated arterial blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg is a condition known as:
hypertension
pericarditis is most closely related to which of the following cardiac conditions? - inadequate valve closure - inadequate blood supply - inadequate amounts of serous fluid - clogged coronary vessels
inadequate amounts of serous fluid
How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume? - decreased end diastolic volume - increased contractility - increased end systolic volume - increased end diastolic volume
increased contractility
By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume? - decreased end diastolic volume - increased end systolic volume - increased contractility - increased end diastolic volume
increased end diastolic volume
Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent? - decreased heart rate, increased stroke volume. - increased heart rate, decreased stroke volume. - decreased heart rate, decreased stroke volume. - increased heart rate, increased stroke volume.
increased heart rate and increased stroke volume
Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling. - isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction - ventricular ejection, ventricular relaxation, isovolumetric contraction - ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation - isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
what organs are served by the renal arteries and veins?
kidneys
the four pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to this chamber
left atrium
the interatrial septum separates the right atrium from this chamber
left atrium
Heart chamber with the thickest wall
left ventricle
inferior discharging chamber on the left side of the heart
left ventricle
the bicuspid valve is situated between the left atrium and this chamber
left ventricle
the walls of the __________ are substantially thicker because that chamber acts as the more powerful systemic pump of the heart. - right ventricle. - left atrium. - left ventricle. - right atrium
left ventricle
what chamber of the heart will blood enter after passing through the bicuspid valve? - left atrium - right atrium - left ventricle - right ventricle
left ventricle
which one of the following represents the correct path for the transmission of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart? - sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), atrioventricular (AV) node, Purkinje fibers, right and left bundle branches - atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), sinoatrial (SA) node, Purkinje fibers, right and left bundle branches -atrioventricular (AV) node, sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers - sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), atrioventricular (AV) node, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers - sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
which of these will decrease heart rate? - increase in body temperature - sudden drop in BP - secretion of epinephrine - stimulation by vagus nerves
stimulation by vagus nerves
from what organs does the hepatic portal vein receive blood? - right and left kidneys - the liver - stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas - hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas
what is the volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heartbeat called?
stroke volume (SV)
veins draining the head and arms empty into the _________, which carries blood to the right atrium of the heart.
superior vena cava
AV valves shut as pressure in the heart rises
systole
Blood is ejected from the ventricles through the pulmonary trunk and aorta
systole
ventricular contraction
systole
do isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling take place during ventricular systole or diastole?
ventricular diastole
what drains capillary beds?
venules
The mitral valve is normally closed ________. - when the ventricle is in systole - when the ventricle is relaxed - by the movement of blood from the atrium to the ventricle - when the atrium is contracting - when the ventricle is in diastole
when the ventricle is in systole