Cartography

ordinal

a measurement that is a hierarchy of rank; objects are defined in an order that permits comparison in a general sense

total data

an attribute that is collected at a location

map percipient

anyone who gains. spatial knowledge by looking at a map

discrete data

associated with data counts or totals, the data are uniquely associated to a singular spatial location, no matter how it defined

nonspatial data

attribute or descriptive characteristics of data

volume data

attributes that exist over a 3-D extent of a continuous surface

geographic data

facts about which conclusions can be drawn; chosen to describe geographic phenomena

processing errors

miscalculations or transformations of data through computer applications

design error

mistakes made by the cartographer in the selection of thematic map type, their symbols, and other map characteristics

isarithmic map

planimetric graphic representation of a 3-D volume

general purpose map

reference maps that show natural and man made features of general interest

continous form

variables the areal and exist everywhere. (ex: temperature or barametric pressure) lie within the same area of study

node

a point defined on a geographic space or a series of points

observation

a single entity or place normally displayed as a row in an attribute table

data measurement

an attempt to structure observations about reality. can be grouped into categories: nominal, ordinal, interval, or rational measurements.

map author

anyone wishing to convey a spatial message

symbol types

classes as point, line, or area symbols. may be 2-D or 3-D

map use

comprises map reading, analysis, and interpretation

data form

contextual characteristics that incude identification as either quantitative or qualitative, discrete or continuous, and total or derived data

metadata

data about data; data sets that describe a dataset's spatial extent

typology of map symbols

description of map symbols based on cross-tabulation of measurement scales and symbol types

qualitative

descriptive characteristics that describe the inherent nature of a feature

spatial data

displays characteristics of location, size, or amount that allows for the visualization of patterns within data

dot map

dots represent the distribution

geographical phenomena

elements of reality that have spatial attributes

FIPS code

federal information processing standards used to identify every country, state, city, ect where data is collected

choropleth map

form of statistical mapping used to portray discrete data by enumeration units

source error

found in the data collection, compilation, and data entry procedures

line data

generated by the collection of information as applied along a linear feature or path

map

graphic representation of the milieu

nominal scaling

simplest level of data measurement

cartography

somewhat broader in scope than mapmaking; the study of all subjects that are concurrent with maps including their history, reading and use, and collection

visual variables

symbols to communicate to the map reader

ratio

the measurement uses an obsolute datum for numerical comparisons

point data

a geographic location with a set of geospatial coordinates matched to a set of attributes

enumeration unit

administrative areas to which attribute data is associated. examples are countries, states, ect...

map design

aggregate of all thought processes that the map author goes through during the abstraction phase

mapmaking

also called mapping. all steps of the process of producing a map

flow map

amount of movement along a linear path is stressed

map scale

amount of reduction that takes place. ratio of map to earth

map analysis

map use activity in which the map user recognizes patterns

map interpretation

map user attempts to explain map patterns

area data

may be applied to an entire area as a quantity that is assumed to exist uniformily over an entire area. (ex: people per sq kilometer)

abstract symbols

may represent anything; usually take the form of geometrical shapes like circles or squares

interval

measurement scales that have no natural origin; any beginning point may be used. ex: fahrenheit scale

mental maps

mental images having spatial attributes

quanititative

numerical values used as attributes that measured positional sequences

derived data

permits the comparisons of observations through data manipulation to normalize the data so as to either adjust for the impact of area/size or to represent the data as a rate or percentage

classification

placing objects into groups having identical or similar features; helps organize material for communication

nominal

the simplest level of data measurement, sometimes considered a qualitative measurement to be descriptive

cartographic process

transformation of unmapped data into map form

cartographic abstraction

transformational process in which map author selects and organizes material to be mapped

cartographic generalization

transformational process of abstraction involving selection, classification, simplification, and symbolization.

proportional symbol map

type of quantitative thematic map in which point data are represented by a symbol whos size varies with data values

map reading

user simply determining what is displayed

attribute data

values or characteristics associated with a point, line, or area.