Cellular Respiration

breakdown of glucose begins where?

cytoplasm

Cellular Respiration is also_______________.

Catabolic

These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals. This process is called what?

Cellular Respiration

The Krebs cycle only produces 2 more ATP, but loads up the________________with H+ and electrons, which move to the 3rd stage.

Coenzymes

Where does Glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm

What two are stripped and loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce NAD+ and FADH2?

Hydrogen and Electrons

Where does Cellular respiration take place?

In two parts of the cell: Glycoysis takes place in the Cytoplasm, and the Krebs Cycle & ETC take place in the Mitochondria.

How does hydrolysis happen?

It happens because of an enzyme known as ATPase

What does ATP do for humans?

It supplies people with energy.

Pyruvic Acid is the main goal of glycolysis and these molecules will move on to the what?

Krebs Cycle

Fermentation is called__________________in Muscle cells (Makes Muscles tired).

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Results in no more ATP, but the final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate ______________________________ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis.

NAD+

Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3_______, 1________, and 2_________.

NAPH, FADH2, CO2

Is food a direct source of energy?

No

Fermentation

Occurs when O2 NOT present (Anaerobic)

Anaerobic organisms can't be too energetic but they are important because___________________________.

Of global recycling of carbon

In the Krebs cycle, Cyclical series of ______________________________ reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle

Oxidation

Krebs Cycle Takes the ______________________________ (3-carbons) and breaks it down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O

Pryuvate

Glucose is split in to two molecules of_______________or_________________acid.

Pyruvate, Pyruvic

Main goal of Glycolysis is_______________.

Pyruvic Acid

Glycolysis

Series of reactions which break the 6-carbon glucose molecule down into two 3-carbon molecules called Pyruvate

all organisms from____________________to humans perform Glycolysis the same way

Simple bacteria

Mitochondria structure:

Smooth outer layer, Folded inner membrane, called Cristae, Space inside the Cristae is called the Matrix.

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no oxygen

Matrix

Space inside the Cristae.

Because of Krebs discovery, what did he win?

The Noble Prize in 1953

2 more sets of reactions, which occur in a specialized structure within the cell called what__________________.

The mighty mitochondria

cellular respiration

The process by which organisms take molecules broken down from food and release the chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of those molecules.

How did ATP remade?

The reverse of the previous process occurs, Another Enzyme known as ATP synthesis is used.

In the Krebs Cycle, it turns___________ per glucose molecule

Twice

hydrolosysis

Breaking down by adding water (H20).

How do we get energy from ATP?

By breaking the high-energy bonds between the last 2 phosphates in ATP. This is called Hydrolysis

Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down what?

Carbohydrates

Pyruvate is then oxidized Acetyl and then what gets removed?

Carbon Dioxide

Cellular Respiration is considered Exergonic as high-energy Glucose is broken into___________________________.

Carbon Dioxide and Water

Stages of Cellular Respiration:

glycolysis (Anerobic), Krebs cycle (Aerobic), electron transport chain (ETC, Aerobic)

ATPase

hydrolyzes ATP

ATP

usable energy used by all cells, organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds.

Aerobic

with oxygen

for each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces what?

6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP

Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use what?

ATP

The usable energy that is released from the chemical bonds during cellular respiration is stored in molecules of what?

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

What will the ATP be used for?

ATP will release energy for cellular metabolic processes (life functions).

Examples of ATP use:

Active Transport of molecules across the cell membrane Protein Synthesis Muscle Contractions

Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) are examples of what?

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Fermentation is called_____________in yeast (Produces Ethonal)

Alcoholic Fermentation

At this point, life diverges into two forms and two different pathways. What are the two?

Anaerobic cellular respiration (Fermentation), and Aerobic cellular respiration.

Glycolysis is Anerobic or Aerobic?

Anerobic

What types of molecules are broken down?

Any food (Organic), molecule, or nutrient, including Macromolecules can be processed and broken down as a source of energy to produce ATP.

Who discovered the Krebs cycle?

Hans Krebs in 1937

The Krebs Cycle requires what?

oxygen (aerobic)

How many Adenine Bases do chemical structures of ATP get?

1

How many ribosome sugars do chemical structures of ATP get?

1

FADH2 in the ETC needs how much ATP?

2

Glycolysis produces an output of___NAPH.

2

Glycolysis requires an input/cost of___ATP

2

In the Krebs Cycle, it produces how much ATP?

2

Nets produce a total of____ATP.

2

Yields (produces)__ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down.

2

Yields (produces)__NADH per glucose molecule

2

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

2 more sets of reactions, which occur in a specialized structure within the cell

How many phosphates do chemical structures of ATP get?

3

NAPH in the ETC needs how much ATP?

3

As electrons drop down stairs, energy is released to form a total of how much ATP?

32

How much ATP is produced in the ETC?

34 ATP

Glycolysis produces an output of___ATP.

4

When is ATP Made in the body?

During a process called cellular respiration that takes place in both Plant and Animals

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Krebs cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (Like a staircase).

ATP synthase

Enzyme that helps remake ATP

End products of Anerobic Cellular Respiration

Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide, or Lactic Acid

cellular respiration is considered____________________.

Exergonic

Cristae

Folded inner layer of the Mitochondria

What does the ETC use?

Uses coenzymes to accept electrons from glucose

Oxygen waits at the bottom of the staircase, picks up electrons and protons, and in doing so, becomes what?

Water

What else does the ETC produce?

Water (H20)

What types of organisms undergo cellular respiration?

While ONLY autotrophs undergo Photosynthesis BOTH heterotrophs and autotrophs undergo cellular respiration.

Aerobic cellular respiration is with or without oxygen?

With

Anerobic cellular respiration is with or without oxygen?

Without

The ADP - ATP Cycle

a continuous cycle between the two

What is another word for ATP

adenosine triphosphate

Why is cellular respiration catabolic?

because larger Glucose molecules break into smaller molecules.

Where does the ETC occur?

inner mitochondrial membrane

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

matrix of mitochondria

Anerobic

no oxygen