Cellular Respiration
breakdown of glucose begins where?
cytoplasm
Cellular Respiration is also_______________.
Catabolic
These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals. This process is called what?
Cellular Respiration
The Krebs cycle only produces 2 more ATP, but loads up the________________with H+ and electrons, which move to the 3rd stage.
Coenzymes
Where does Glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
What two are stripped and loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce NAD+ and FADH2?
Hydrogen and Electrons
Where does Cellular respiration take place?
In two parts of the cell: Glycoysis takes place in the Cytoplasm, and the Krebs Cycle & ETC take place in the Mitochondria.
How does hydrolysis happen?
It happens because of an enzyme known as ATPase
What does ATP do for humans?
It supplies people with energy.
Pyruvic Acid is the main goal of glycolysis and these molecules will move on to the what?
Krebs Cycle
Fermentation is called__________________in Muscle cells (Makes Muscles tired).
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Results in no more ATP, but the final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate ______________________________ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis.
NAD+
Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3_______, 1________, and 2_________.
NAPH, FADH2, CO2
Is food a direct source of energy?
No
Fermentation
Occurs when O2 NOT present (Anaerobic)
Anaerobic organisms can't be too energetic but they are important because___________________________.
Of global recycling of carbon
In the Krebs cycle, Cyclical series of ______________________________ reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
Oxidation
Krebs Cycle Takes the ______________________________ (3-carbons) and breaks it down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O
Pryuvate
Glucose is split in to two molecules of_______________or_________________acid.
Pyruvate, Pyruvic
Main goal of Glycolysis is_______________.
Pyruvic Acid
Glycolysis
Series of reactions which break the 6-carbon glucose molecule down into two 3-carbon molecules called Pyruvate
all organisms from____________________to humans perform Glycolysis the same way
Simple bacteria
Mitochondria structure:
Smooth outer layer, Folded inner membrane, called Cristae, Space inside the Cristae is called the Matrix.
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no oxygen
Matrix
Space inside the Cristae.
Because of Krebs discovery, what did he win?
The Noble Prize in 1953
2 more sets of reactions, which occur in a specialized structure within the cell called what__________________.
The mighty mitochondria
cellular respiration
The process by which organisms take molecules broken down from food and release the chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of those molecules.
How did ATP remade?
The reverse of the previous process occurs, Another Enzyme known as ATP synthesis is used.
In the Krebs Cycle, it turns___________ per glucose molecule
Twice
hydrolosysis
Breaking down by adding water (H20).
How do we get energy from ATP?
By breaking the high-energy bonds between the last 2 phosphates in ATP. This is called Hydrolysis
Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down what?
Carbohydrates
Pyruvate is then oxidized Acetyl and then what gets removed?
Carbon Dioxide
Cellular Respiration is considered Exergonic as high-energy Glucose is broken into___________________________.
Carbon Dioxide and Water
Stages of Cellular Respiration:
glycolysis (Anerobic), Krebs cycle (Aerobic), electron transport chain (ETC, Aerobic)
ATPase
hydrolyzes ATP
ATP
usable energy used by all cells, organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds.
Aerobic
with oxygen
for each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces what?
6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP
Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use what?
ATP
The usable energy that is released from the chemical bonds during cellular respiration is stored in molecules of what?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
What will the ATP be used for?
ATP will release energy for cellular metabolic processes (life functions).
Examples of ATP use:
Active Transport of molecules across the cell membrane Protein Synthesis Muscle Contractions
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) are examples of what?
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Fermentation is called_____________in yeast (Produces Ethonal)
Alcoholic Fermentation
At this point, life diverges into two forms and two different pathways. What are the two?
Anaerobic cellular respiration (Fermentation), and Aerobic cellular respiration.
Glycolysis is Anerobic or Aerobic?
Anerobic
What types of molecules are broken down?
Any food (Organic), molecule, or nutrient, including Macromolecules can be processed and broken down as a source of energy to produce ATP.
Who discovered the Krebs cycle?
Hans Krebs in 1937
The Krebs Cycle requires what?
oxygen (aerobic)
How many Adenine Bases do chemical structures of ATP get?
1
How many ribosome sugars do chemical structures of ATP get?
1
FADH2 in the ETC needs how much ATP?
2
Glycolysis produces an output of___NAPH.
2
Glycolysis requires an input/cost of___ATP
2
In the Krebs Cycle, it produces how much ATP?
2
Nets produce a total of____ATP.
2
Yields (produces)__ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down.
2
Yields (produces)__NADH per glucose molecule
2
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
2 more sets of reactions, which occur in a specialized structure within the cell
How many phosphates do chemical structures of ATP get?
3
NAPH in the ETC needs how much ATP?
3
As electrons drop down stairs, energy is released to form a total of how much ATP?
32
How much ATP is produced in the ETC?
34 ATP
Glycolysis produces an output of___ATP.
4
When is ATP Made in the body?
During a process called cellular respiration that takes place in both Plant and Animals
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Krebs cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (Like a staircase).
ATP synthase
Enzyme that helps remake ATP
End products of Anerobic Cellular Respiration
Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide, or Lactic Acid
cellular respiration is considered____________________.
Exergonic
Cristae
Folded inner layer of the Mitochondria
What does the ETC use?
Uses coenzymes to accept electrons from glucose
Oxygen waits at the bottom of the staircase, picks up electrons and protons, and in doing so, becomes what?
Water
What else does the ETC produce?
Water (H20)
What types of organisms undergo cellular respiration?
While ONLY autotrophs undergo Photosynthesis BOTH heterotrophs and autotrophs undergo cellular respiration.
Aerobic cellular respiration is with or without oxygen?
With
Anerobic cellular respiration is with or without oxygen?
Without
The ADP - ATP Cycle
a continuous cycle between the two
What is another word for ATP
adenosine triphosphate
Why is cellular respiration catabolic?
because larger Glucose molecules break into smaller molecules.
Where does the ETC occur?
inner mitochondrial membrane
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
matrix of mitochondria
Anerobic
no oxygen