CH 10: Visual Imagery

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? True lies Amazing grace Cake mug Mission impossible

Cake mug

"3x + 9 = 16" is a _____ representation. depictive spatial propositional descriptive

propositional

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____. using visual images; activated using visual images; deactivated perceiving stimuli; activated perceiving stimuli; deactivated

using visual images; deactivated

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because some people have great difficulty forming visual images. visual images vary in detail. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. the imageless thought debate was unresolved.

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? The results of scanning experiments Depictive representations The tacit-knowledge explanation The distinction between propositional and spatial representations

The tacit-knowledge explanation

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. Imagery is closely related to language.

Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Mental-scanning experiments found a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT abstract symbols. an equation. a spatial layout. a statement.

a spatial layout.

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process. bottom-up; bottom-up top-down; top-down bottom-up; top-down top-down; bottom-up

bottom-up; top-down

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and dual coding. dreams. inner audition. the visual buffer.

dreams

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game. mental chronometry mental synthesis visual imagery inner audition

inner audition

Mental imagery involves experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. sensory representations of a stimulus. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent.

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? Baseball America Apple pie Freedom

freedom

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers. lower; higher higher; lower both lower and higher; higher higher; both lower and higher

higher; both lower and higher

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that imagery and perception are two different phenomena. imagery and perception can interact with one another. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated how easy mental rotation is for humans. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. imagery is more stable than perception. imagery occurs more automatically than perception.

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using image scanning. mental chronometry. epiphenomena. propositional representations.

mental chronometry.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves visual icons. mental images. perceptual images. echoic schemas

mental images.

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved image synthesis. mental scanning. method of loci. propositional representations

mental scanning.

Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _____ to organize her memories. mental synthesis paired-associate learning the pegword technique method of loci

method of loci

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their order. importance. concreteness. bizarreness.

order

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery. epiphenomenon depictive representation spatial representation tacit-knowledge

tacit-knowledge

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. their flexible, undefined structures allow rememberers to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.