Ch 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Concepts (IN PROGRESS)

puberty is marked by 2 stages

1) the activation of the adrenal glands and 2) the maturing of the sex organs a few years later

a boys first ejaculation or spermarche occurs at the average age of

13

puberty takes about

4 years

the first stage of puberty occurs between

6 and 8

examples of secondary sex characteristics include ... in girls and or boys

breast development (guys can also go through a short stint), broad shoulders of males, change of voice and skin texture, muscular development, and growth of pubic, facial and body hair.

first external signs of puberty in girls

breast tissue and pubic hair, nipples enlarge and protrude

what can also be a dentriment leading to an eating disorder

a determination not to become overweight can result in graver problems than overweight itself

how does grey matter change through puberty/adolescence

a major spurt in the production of grey matter in the frontal lobes begins around puberty after the growth spurt the density of grey matter declines greatly particularly and those that remain are strenthend

menstruation is

a monthly shedding of tissue from the lining of the womb

a boys first ejaculation or spermarche is most likely to occur from

a nocturnal emission (involuntary/wet dream - sometime connected with an erotic dream)

risk taking appears to result from the interaction of two brain networks

a socio-emotional network and cognitive control network

soon after the growth spurt

a young person reaches sexual maturity

growth spurt typically lasts

about 2 years

what is adolescence

adolescence in modern industrial societies is the transition from childhood to adulthood

a cultural difference when girls enter puberty

african american girls tend to start puberty the earliest, Mexican americans also enter it early. compared to white girls (other races were not mentioned)

adolescents process information about emotions with the _______ adults use the _______

amygdala; frontal lobes; thus adolescents tend to make less accurate less reasoned judgements

excessive concernt with weight control and body image may be a sign of

anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa

overweight teenagers tend to have difficulty

attending school, performing household chores, or engaging in strenuous activity or personal care

exercise _____ the likelihood of participating in risky activity

decreases

what differences if any does timing of puberty make to psychological well being

depends on how the individual interprets the accompanying changes, effects of early or late maturation tend to be negative. early entering are more likely engage in sexual risk taking , show more problems in mixed gender schools than all girls.

what opportunities and risks does adolescence entail

early adolescence is full of opportunities for physical cognitive, and psychosocial growth , but also risks such as drinking alcohol, drug abuse, sexual and gang activity and use of fire arms, tend to increase through the teenage years; but most young people experience no major problems

poor nutrition is the most frequent in

economically depressed or isolated populations but it also may resukt from concern with body image and weight control

the amygdala is involved in

emotional and instinctual reactions

dramatic changes in brain structure involved with __________ take place between puberty and young adults

emotions, judgment, organization of behaviors, and self control

Genetic and other factors such as ______ can increase the likelihood of obesity

faulty regulation of metabolism and at least in girls, depressive symptoms and having obese parents

what are the changes in the structure and composition of the frontal cortex

first the increase in white matter typical of childhood rbain development continues in the frontal lobes second the pruning of unused dendritic connections during childhood results in a reduction in density of grey matter (nerve cells) increasing the brains efficiency...process begins in the rear portions of the brain and moves forward

in boys increased levels of ______ lead to the onset of secretion of testosterone and androstendedione

follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

in girls increased levels of ______ lead to the onset of menstration

follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

overproduction of grey matter is especially present in the

frontal lobes

a combination of ___________ may affect individual differences in the timing of menarche

genetic, physical and contextual influences including ses, environmental toxins, diet, exercise, prepubertal fat and body weight, and chronic illness or stress

Puberty typically begins earlier in

girls

most specific examples of that affect when one goes through puberty

girls first menstration tends to be the similar of her mother if the living standards are the same early menarche associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy and being the first born child early menarche family conflict/ family warmth later harsh parenting - early

general trend in sleep as kids get older

go to ebd later and get less sleep

by mid to late adolescence young people have fewer but stronger, smoother, and more effective neural connections making cognitive process more efficient because

grey matter has reduces

in girls testosterone influences the

growth of the clitoris as well as of the bones and pubic and underarm air

during puberty both girls and boys

growth spurt, reproductive organs enlarge and mature, and secondary sex characteristics appear

a boy becomes larger overall

his shoulders widen, his legs longer, relative to trunk, and his forearms longer relative to his upper arms and his height

puberty is triggered by

hormonal changes.

risky behaviors may reflect

immaturity of the adolescent brain

the benefits of regular exercise include

improved strength and endurance, healthier bones and muscles, weight control, and reduced anxiety and stress as well as increased self esteem, school grades and well being

a secular trend trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity began about 100 years ago probably because of

improvements in living standards

when does puberty begin and end

in the book it begins between 11 until 19-20 (puberty can start as early as 7 or 8 in girls and end in the early 20's for men...)

pattern of later bedtimes and oversleeping in the mornings

insomnia

many health problems are preventable stemming from

lifestyle or poverty in industrialized countries less affluent families report poorer health and more frequent systems. more affluent healthier diets and more physically active

an increase in gonadatropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus leads to a rise in 2 key reproductive hormones

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

underdevelopment of the frontal cortical systems connected with motivation impulsivity, and addiction

may explain adolescents tendency toward risk taking

in girls increased levels of FSH lead to the onset of

menstration

cultural differences in obesity

more mexican american girls and boys and black girls tend to be obese compared to white indviduals

how much should sleep should this age get in comparison to middle childhood

need as much or more sleep

a sedentary lifesytle may result in

obesity, type 2 diabetes, increase likelihood of heart disease and and cancer in adulthood.n

the adolescent brain is not yet fully mature. it undergoes a second wave overproduction _______ especially in the ___________ followed by _____________ Continuing myelination of the frontal lobes facilitating the ____________

of grey matter; frontal lobes; pruning of excess nerve cells; maturation of cognitive processing.

what happens to girls during the second stage of puberty

ovaries increase their output of estrogen which stimulates growth of female genitals and development of breasts and pubic and underarm hair

_______ and _________ play a greater part than _________ influences in encouraging weight concers

parental attitudes and media image; peer influence

what does the growth spurt look like in girls

pelvis widens to make childbearing easier and layers of fat accumulate under her skin giving her a more rounded appearance (twice as fast than boys)

the frontal lobes handle

planning, reasoning, judgment, emotional regulation, and impulse control and thus permit more accurate reasoned judgments

the principal signs for sexual maturity are

production of sperm and menstration

the cognitive control network

regulates responses to stimuli

puberty ends when a person can

reproduce

sleep deprivation can

sap motivation and cause irritability and concentration and school performance can suffer. Also deadly for drivers.

in boys increased levels of FSH lead to the onset of

secretion of testosterone and androstendedione

the socio-emotional network is sensitive to

social and emotional stimuli such as peer influence

how do the brain networks work to heighten risk taking

socio-emotional network becomes more active during puberty while the cognitive control network matures more gradually into early adulthood

heightened emotionality and moodiness of early adolescence tend to rise from puberty other influences __________ may moderate or even override hormonal infleuces

such as age, temperament, and the timing of puberty

first external signs of puberty in boys

temporary breast enlargement, enlargement of testes

in boys the sex organ include

testes, penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland

during the first stage of puberty

the activation of the adrenal glands secrete gradually increasing levels of androgens, principally dehydroepiandrostrosterone (DHEA)

dehydroepiandrostrosterone (DHEA) influences

the growth of pubic, axillary (underarm), and facial hair. It also contributes to faster body growth, oiler skin and the development of body hair.

a second burst of dehydroepiandrostrosterone (DHEA) leads to the second stage of puberty which leads to

the maturing of the sex organs a few years later

in girls the sex organ include

the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, clitoris, and vagina

what happens to boys during the second stage of puberty

the testes increase the manufacture of androgens, particularly testosterone, which stimulates growth of male genitals, muscle mass, and body hair

why does this age range go to bed late

timing of secreting of the hormone melatonin .... is later at night - why schools should start later NOT earlier than middle school/elementary school

may explain adolescents tendency toward risk taking

underdevelopment of the frontal cortical systems connected with motivation impulsivity, and addiction

timing of puberty

varies