Ch 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Concepts (IN PROGRESS)
puberty is marked by 2 stages
1) the activation of the adrenal glands and 2) the maturing of the sex organs a few years later
a boys first ejaculation or spermarche occurs at the average age of
13
puberty takes about
4 years
the first stage of puberty occurs between
6 and 8
examples of secondary sex characteristics include ... in girls and or boys
breast development (guys can also go through a short stint), broad shoulders of males, change of voice and skin texture, muscular development, and growth of pubic, facial and body hair.
first external signs of puberty in girls
breast tissue and pubic hair, nipples enlarge and protrude
what can also be a dentriment leading to an eating disorder
a determination not to become overweight can result in graver problems than overweight itself
how does grey matter change through puberty/adolescence
a major spurt in the production of grey matter in the frontal lobes begins around puberty after the growth spurt the density of grey matter declines greatly particularly and those that remain are strenthend
menstruation is
a monthly shedding of tissue from the lining of the womb
a boys first ejaculation or spermarche is most likely to occur from
a nocturnal emission (involuntary/wet dream - sometime connected with an erotic dream)
risk taking appears to result from the interaction of two brain networks
a socio-emotional network and cognitive control network
soon after the growth spurt
a young person reaches sexual maturity
growth spurt typically lasts
about 2 years
what is adolescence
adolescence in modern industrial societies is the transition from childhood to adulthood
a cultural difference when girls enter puberty
african american girls tend to start puberty the earliest, Mexican americans also enter it early. compared to white girls (other races were not mentioned)
adolescents process information about emotions with the _______ adults use the _______
amygdala; frontal lobes; thus adolescents tend to make less accurate less reasoned judgements
excessive concernt with weight control and body image may be a sign of
anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa
overweight teenagers tend to have difficulty
attending school, performing household chores, or engaging in strenuous activity or personal care
exercise _____ the likelihood of participating in risky activity
decreases
what differences if any does timing of puberty make to psychological well being
depends on how the individual interprets the accompanying changes, effects of early or late maturation tend to be negative. early entering are more likely engage in sexual risk taking , show more problems in mixed gender schools than all girls.
what opportunities and risks does adolescence entail
early adolescence is full of opportunities for physical cognitive, and psychosocial growth , but also risks such as drinking alcohol, drug abuse, sexual and gang activity and use of fire arms, tend to increase through the teenage years; but most young people experience no major problems
poor nutrition is the most frequent in
economically depressed or isolated populations but it also may resukt from concern with body image and weight control
the amygdala is involved in
emotional and instinctual reactions
dramatic changes in brain structure involved with __________ take place between puberty and young adults
emotions, judgment, organization of behaviors, and self control
Genetic and other factors such as ______ can increase the likelihood of obesity
faulty regulation of metabolism and at least in girls, depressive symptoms and having obese parents
what are the changes in the structure and composition of the frontal cortex
first the increase in white matter typical of childhood rbain development continues in the frontal lobes second the pruning of unused dendritic connections during childhood results in a reduction in density of grey matter (nerve cells) increasing the brains efficiency...process begins in the rear portions of the brain and moves forward
in boys increased levels of ______ lead to the onset of secretion of testosterone and androstendedione
follicle-stimulating hormone FSH
in girls increased levels of ______ lead to the onset of menstration
follicle-stimulating hormone FSH
overproduction of grey matter is especially present in the
frontal lobes
a combination of ___________ may affect individual differences in the timing of menarche
genetic, physical and contextual influences including ses, environmental toxins, diet, exercise, prepubertal fat and body weight, and chronic illness or stress
Puberty typically begins earlier in
girls
most specific examples of that affect when one goes through puberty
girls first menstration tends to be the similar of her mother if the living standards are the same early menarche associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy and being the first born child early menarche family conflict/ family warmth later harsh parenting - early
general trend in sleep as kids get older
go to ebd later and get less sleep
by mid to late adolescence young people have fewer but stronger, smoother, and more effective neural connections making cognitive process more efficient because
grey matter has reduces
in girls testosterone influences the
growth of the clitoris as well as of the bones and pubic and underarm air
during puberty both girls and boys
growth spurt, reproductive organs enlarge and mature, and secondary sex characteristics appear
a boy becomes larger overall
his shoulders widen, his legs longer, relative to trunk, and his forearms longer relative to his upper arms and his height
puberty is triggered by
hormonal changes.
risky behaviors may reflect
immaturity of the adolescent brain
the benefits of regular exercise include
improved strength and endurance, healthier bones and muscles, weight control, and reduced anxiety and stress as well as increased self esteem, school grades and well being
a secular trend trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity began about 100 years ago probably because of
improvements in living standards
when does puberty begin and end
in the book it begins between 11 until 19-20 (puberty can start as early as 7 or 8 in girls and end in the early 20's for men...)
pattern of later bedtimes and oversleeping in the mornings
insomnia
many health problems are preventable stemming from
lifestyle or poverty in industrialized countries less affluent families report poorer health and more frequent systems. more affluent healthier diets and more physically active
an increase in gonadatropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus leads to a rise in 2 key reproductive hormones
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
underdevelopment of the frontal cortical systems connected with motivation impulsivity, and addiction
may explain adolescents tendency toward risk taking
in girls increased levels of FSH lead to the onset of
menstration
cultural differences in obesity
more mexican american girls and boys and black girls tend to be obese compared to white indviduals
how much should sleep should this age get in comparison to middle childhood
need as much or more sleep
a sedentary lifesytle may result in
obesity, type 2 diabetes, increase likelihood of heart disease and and cancer in adulthood.n
the adolescent brain is not yet fully mature. it undergoes a second wave overproduction _______ especially in the ___________ followed by _____________ Continuing myelination of the frontal lobes facilitating the ____________
of grey matter; frontal lobes; pruning of excess nerve cells; maturation of cognitive processing.
what happens to girls during the second stage of puberty
ovaries increase their output of estrogen which stimulates growth of female genitals and development of breasts and pubic and underarm hair
_______ and _________ play a greater part than _________ influences in encouraging weight concers
parental attitudes and media image; peer influence
what does the growth spurt look like in girls
pelvis widens to make childbearing easier and layers of fat accumulate under her skin giving her a more rounded appearance (twice as fast than boys)
the frontal lobes handle
planning, reasoning, judgment, emotional regulation, and impulse control and thus permit more accurate reasoned judgments
the principal signs for sexual maturity are
production of sperm and menstration
the cognitive control network
regulates responses to stimuli
puberty ends when a person can
reproduce
sleep deprivation can
sap motivation and cause irritability and concentration and school performance can suffer. Also deadly for drivers.
in boys increased levels of FSH lead to the onset of
secretion of testosterone and androstendedione
the socio-emotional network is sensitive to
social and emotional stimuli such as peer influence
how do the brain networks work to heighten risk taking
socio-emotional network becomes more active during puberty while the cognitive control network matures more gradually into early adulthood
heightened emotionality and moodiness of early adolescence tend to rise from puberty other influences __________ may moderate or even override hormonal infleuces
such as age, temperament, and the timing of puberty
first external signs of puberty in boys
temporary breast enlargement, enlargement of testes
in boys the sex organ include
testes, penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland
during the first stage of puberty
the activation of the adrenal glands secrete gradually increasing levels of androgens, principally dehydroepiandrostrosterone (DHEA)
dehydroepiandrostrosterone (DHEA) influences
the growth of pubic, axillary (underarm), and facial hair. It also contributes to faster body growth, oiler skin and the development of body hair.
a second burst of dehydroepiandrostrosterone (DHEA) leads to the second stage of puberty which leads to
the maturing of the sex organs a few years later
in girls the sex organ include
the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, clitoris, and vagina
what happens to boys during the second stage of puberty
the testes increase the manufacture of androgens, particularly testosterone, which stimulates growth of male genitals, muscle mass, and body hair
why does this age range go to bed late
timing of secreting of the hormone melatonin .... is later at night - why schools should start later NOT earlier than middle school/elementary school
may explain adolescents tendency toward risk taking
underdevelopment of the frontal cortical systems connected with motivation impulsivity, and addiction
timing of puberty
varies