Ch. 12 - Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Tolerance

Extent to which the individual requires larger and larger amounts of a substance in order to achieve its desired effects, or the extent to which the individual feels less of its effects after using the same amount of the substance.

Disulfiram

Known popularly as Antabuse, a medication used in the treatment of alcoholism that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and causes severe physical reactions when combined with alcohol.

Depressant

a psychoactive substance that causes the depression of the central nervous system activity

Substance

A chemical that alters a person's mood or behavior when it is smoked, injected, drunk, inhaled, or swallowed in pill form.

Substance Use Disorder

A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using a substance even though it causes significant problems in his or her life

Amphetamine

Affects the central nervous and the autonomic nervous systems.

Retrograde amnesia

Amnesia involving loss of memory for past events.

Anterograde amnesia

Amnesia involving the inability to remember new information.

Naltrexone

Blocks the effects of the body's production of alcohol-induced opioids, through involving dopamine.

Inhalants

Diverse group of substances that cause psychoactive effects by producing chemical vapors

Wernicke's disease

Form of aphasia in which the individual is able to produce language but has lost the ability to comprehend, so that these verbal productions have no meaning.

Heroin

Form of opioid, synthesized from morphine

Cocaine

Highly addictive central nervous system stimulant that an individual snorts, injects, or smokes.

Substance abuse

Maladaptive pattern of substance use occurring within a 12-month period that leads to significant impairment or distress evidence by: Failure to meet obligations Repeated use of substances in physically hazardous situations Legal problems Interpersonal problems.

Substance dependence

Maladaptive pattern of use manifested by cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms during a 12-month period and caused by continued use of substance.

PCP (phencyclidine, a.k.a. "angel dust")

Originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic. Symptoms that mimic schizophrenia, mood disturbance, memory loss, difficulties with speech and thinking, weight loss, and depression.

Korsakoff's syndrome

Permanent form of dementia associated with long-term alcohol use in which the individual develops retrograde and anterograde amnesia, leading to an inability to remember recent events or learn new information.

Withdrawal

Physiological and psychological changes that occur when an individual stops taking a substance.

Alcohol myopia theory

Proposes that as individuals consume greater amounts of alcohol, they are more likely to make risky choices because the immediate temptation of the moment overcomes the long-term consequences of the behavior.

Dual-process theory

Proposes there are automatic processes that generate an impulse to drink alcohol and controlled, effortful processing that regulates these automatic impulses.

Marijuana

Psychoactive substance derived from the hemp plant whose primary active ingredient is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Nicotine

Psychoactive substance found in cigarettes

Hallucinogens

Psychoactive substances that cause abnormal perceptual experiences in the form of illusions or hallucinations, usually visual in nature.

Acamprosate

Reduces the risk of relapse by reducing the individual's urge to drink and thereby reducing the drive to use alcohol as a way of reducing anxiety and other negative psychological states.

Methamphetamine

Related to amphetamine but provokes more intense central nervous system effect.

Substance intoxication

The temporary maladaptive experience of behavioral or psychological changes that are due to the accumulation of a substance in the body.

Stimulants

Substances that have an activating effect on the nervous system.

Methadone

Synthetic opioid that produces a safer and more controlled reaction than heroin and is used in treating heroin addiction.

Buprenorphine and Naltrexone

Used in the treatment of heroin addiction.

Caffeine

a stimulant found in coffee, tea, chocolate, energy drinks, diet pills, and headache remedies

Opioid

a substance that relieves pain.

Pathways model

an approach to gambling disorder that predicts that there are three main paths leading to three subtypes.

Anxiolytics

anti-anxiety medications

Sedatives

have calming effects on the central nervous system

Hypnotics

induce sleep

MDMA

known on the street as ecstasy, is a synthetic substance chemically similar to methamphetamine and mescaline. Users experience feelings of increased energy, euphoria, emotional warmth, distorted perceptions and sense of time, and unusual tactile experiences.

Potentiation

the combination of two or more psychoactive substances such that the total effect is greater than the effect of either substance alone