Ch 13 -Neurologic Diseases and Conditions

Parkinson's disease is characterized by ___________________________.

"pill-rolling" tremor of thumb and forefinger, muscular rigidity, masklike facial expression, and shuffling gait.

The spinal cord is divided into ____________________ segments, each giving rise to a pair of spinal nerves.

31

Which condition involves progressive destruction of motor neurons resulting in muscle atrophy?

ALS

Migraine headaches: *are periodic. *are sometimes incapacitating. *may be triggered by certain foods in some patients.

All of the above.

Efferent nerves transmit impulses:

Away from the brain and spinal cord.

_____ is the result of the bones of the floor of the cranial vault being broken.

Basilar fracture

A disorder of the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve) that causes a sudden onset of weakness or paralysis of facial muscles is ______________________.

Bell's palsy

Unilateral facial paralysis is called ____________________.

Bell's palsy

An acute, rapidly progressive disease of the spinal nerves with progressive muscle weakness and paralysis in a 24- to 72-hour period may be indicative of _______________________.

Guillain-Barré syndrome.

The condition that involves progressive destruction of motor neurons resulting in muscle atrophy is called ______________________.

Huntington's chorea

Pill-rolling tremor of thumb and forefinger, muscular rigidity, masklike facial expression, and shuffling gait are all signs of ______________________.

Parkinson's disease.

Chronic alcohol intoxication, toxicity, and infectious disease are possible causes of:

Peripheral neuritis.

What is the cause of RLS?

The exact cause is unknown.

Nerves that transmit impulses toward the brain and spinal cord are_____________.

afferent

Infectious organisms may reach the brain from _______________________. *the blood *penetrating trauma *an infection in adjoining structures such as the ear or sinuses

all of the above

Symptoms and signs of brain tumors include ___________________. *headache, seizures, and cognitive dysfunction. *gait disturbances, lethargy, and nystagmus. *fever, stiff neck, and unilateral facial paralysis. *all of the above.

all of the above.

Treatment of stroke may include which of the following medications?

aspirin

_________________-any of the 22 ordinary paired chromosomes in humans, distinguished from the sex (X and Y) chromosomes

autosomal

A contusion of the brain is caused by a(n) ________ to the _________ or a(n) __________ against a hard surface, as in an automobile accident.

blow, head, impact

Vascular disorders that may result in a CVA are _________________________. A. cerebral thrombosis and cerebral embolism. B. cerebral hemorrhage. C. both a and b. D. epidural hematoma.

both a and b.

Huntington's chorea is: a. A disorder caused by an infection. b. An inherited disorder. c. Characterized by dancelike movements.

both b and c.

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the ________________ and ________________ ________________.

brain, spinal cord

A cerebral concussion is a(n) ____________ of the cerebral tissue that is caused by ___________ back-and-forth movement of the head as in a acceleration-deceleration insult.

bruising, violent

Intervertebral disks are soft pads of ___________ located between the vertebrae that make up the ____________.

cartilage, spine

_________________-to burn with a hot iron or a chemical to destroy abnormal tissue and/or to stop infection and/or bleeding

cauterize

The two divisions of the nervous system are the ________________ nervous system and the ________________ nervous system.

central & peripheral

When a patient experienced a loss of consciousness, as being 'knocked out.' This is a sign of which injury?

cerebral concussion

Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have difficulty with speech, ___________, ____________, and __________ and eventually require a ventilator.

chewing, swallowing, breathing

Possible causes of peripheral neuritis include __________________.

chronic alcohol intoxication, toxicity, and infectious diseases.

Bruising of the brain tissues along or just beneath its surface accompanied by symptoms lasting more than 24 hours describes a ____________________.

contusion

Poliomyelitis: a. Is not diagnosed as frequently as it was before 1960. b. Is a highly contagious viral disease that affects the anterior horn cells of the gray matter in the spinal cord. c. Is a bacterial disease.

d. Both a and b.

________________-process of losing the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber

demyelination

When a portion of the skull is broken and pushed in on the brain, causing injury, it is said to be a(n) ____________ skull fracture.

depressed

_______________-double vision

diplopia

Nerves that transmit impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands are _____________.

efferent

Hemiparesis is a paralysis involving:

either half of the body.

_____________-literally means an inflammation of the brain, but it usually refers to brain inflammation caused by a virus. It has no impact on the sense of thirst.

encephalitis

Partial seizures do not involve the _____________ brain but arise from a ____________ area in the brain.

entire, localized

A collection or mass of blood that forms between the skull and the dura mater is termed a(n) ________________.

epidural hematoma

A chronic brain disorder characterized by sudden episodes of abnormally intense electrical activity in the brain is called ______________________.

epilepsy

Anticonvulsants medication are the treatment of choice for _______________.

epilepsy

___________________ is an abnormal condition in which there are sudden, transient disturbances of brain function causing seizures.

epilepsy

______________-a drug obtained from a fungus that grows on rye plants

ergot

RLS is caused by hypertension. (T or F)

false

TIA and transient global amnesia are the same thing. (T or F)

false

The amnesia of transient global amnesia is permanent. (T or F)

false

With an epidural hematoma, the onset of symptoms is delayed as a result of a slower accumulation of blood. (T or F)

false

______________-a protein material produced by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen

fibrin

______________-an opening or hole in a bone, allowing the passage of nerves or blood vessels

foramen

Headaches may be acute or chronic and located in the ___________, _____________, or _____________ regions of the head.

frontal, temporal, occipital

A slight paralysis in either half of the body is known as ______________________.

hemiparesis

Paralysis of the lower half of the body as a result of damage in the lower portion of the spinal cord is called _____________________.

hemiparesis

____________-paralysis affecting one side of the body

hemiparesis

Blood, penetrating trauma, and infection in adjoining structures such as the ear or sinuses are all routes in which infectious organisms may reach the brain and cause _______________________.

infection

_____________-incurable or resistant to treatment

intractable

Status epilepticus is a ____________ event. Immediate __________ may afford a positive outcome.

life-threatening, intervention

Paraplegia results in paralysis of the __________________ and usually the trunk.

lower extremities

_________________-a surgical procedure to withdraw spinal fluid for analysis or the injection of an anesthetic solution

lumbar puncture

Five pairs of the cranial nerves originate in the ________________, an extension of the spinal cord.

medulla oblongata.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the:

membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Nuchal rigidity, headache, and photopia are symptomatic of _______________.

meningeal irritation or meningitis.

Inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord is called __________________________.

meningitis

Before the onset of a headache, many people who experience ______________ headaches have visual auras.

migraine

Periodic severe headaches that may be completely incapacitating are called ___________________.

migraines

Of the following, which is not likely to cause a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

neuroblastoma

Electrical impulses are carried throughout the body by the _____________________.

neurons

__________________-a chemical released by the terminal end fibers of an axon

neurotransmitter

___________________-neck stiffness

nuchal rigidity

Loss of motor and sensory control of the trunk of the body and lower extremities as a result of a spinal cord injury describes ___________________.

paraplegia

______________-partial paralysis

paresis

_____ involves degeneration of the nerves outside the CNS and affects the distal muscles of the extremities.

peripheral neuritis

_________________-process of separating blood into its components by centrifuging

plasmapheresis

_______________ is a highly contagious viral disease that affects the anterior horn cells of the gray matter in the spinal cord.

poliomyelitis

The prognosis for patients with tumors involving the brain is __________________.

poor

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) causes symptoms of _______________________.

progressive destruction of motor neurons, resulting in muscle atrophy

Paralysis of all four extremities is known as _________________.

quadriplegia

The ____ is divided into 31 segments.

spinal cord

A TIA is a ________________ episode of impaired neurologic functioning caused by a lack of blood flow to a por-tion of the brain.

temporary

Encephalitis is caused by______________________.

the bite from an infected mosquito.

The patient with _____________ experiences excruciating pain that radiates along the fifth cranial nerve distribution, affecting any of the branches.

tic douloureux and trigeminal neuralgia

Temporary episodes of impaired neurologic functioning caused by inadequate blood flow to a portion of the brain are termed ________________.

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) & ministrokes

Afferent nerves:

transmit impulses toward the brain and spinal cord.

All brain tumors originate in the brain tissue. (T or F)

true

Another term for a herniated disk is ruptured or slipped disk. (T or F)

true

Cephalalgia, or secondary headache, is sometimes a symptom of an underlying disorder or disease. (T or F)

true

Narrowing of intervertebral spaces on imaging studies may indicate degeneration of an intervertebral disk. (T or F)

true

Ruptured disks in the cervical region of the spine often produce pain and weakness in the arms and neck. (T or F)

true

Spinal stenosis contributes to sciatic pain caused by a narrowing of the spinal canal that causes compression of spinal nerve roots. (T or F)

true

The CNS's function is to process and store sensory and motor information and to govern the state of consciousness. (T or F)

true

The goals of treatment for all spinal cord injuries include restoration of the normal alignment and stability of the spine; decompression of the spinal cord, nerves, and vertebrae; and early rehabilitation of the patient. (T or F)

true

The patient's mental status may be graded with the Glasgow coma scale, which is a standardized system for assessing the response to stimuli. (T or F)

true

Paraplegia is paralysis that involves loss of motor and sensory control of the trunk and:

two extremities.