CH 15 Chemistry
solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single physical state
energy
Any time attractions are broken, ___ is required
Kinetic energy
As the temperature increases, the ____ of the solute gas becomes greater
decreases
As the temperature increases, the solubility of a gas in a liquid ___
up
As vapor pressure is reduced, boiling point goes ____
Francois-Marie Raoult
Detailed studies of the vapor pressures of solutions were carried out by _____
Hypotonic
If one solution has a lower osmotic pressure than another it is said to be _____, causing cells to explode
Solute and solvent that depend on temperature
In order to prepare a Supersaturated solution, you must choose a ___________________________
immiscible
Liquids that cannot mix in any proportions are said to be ___
semipermeable
Materials that allow some particles to pass through but not others are known as _____ materials
Temperature
Raising the ____ causes solvent particles to move faster, coming into more contact with the solute, speeding up the rate of dissolving
temperature
Solutions of gases are greatly affected by changes in _____
dilute
Solutions that have a relatively small amount of salute for the amount of solvent are said to be _____
Aqueous solutions
Solutions with water as the solvent are given the name_____
Ions or molecules
Substances that dissolve in water are classified according to whether they yield ____ or ____ in a solution.
unstable
Supersaturated solutions are very ____, meaning they will not remain Supersaturated for long
Not separate
The particles in a solution will _____ no matter how long the solution is allowed to stand under constant conditions.
Osmotic pressure (pi?)
The pressure required to prevent osmosis is known as the ______ of the solution
Like dissolves like
The principle that similar substances dissolve in each other is usually expressed as the ____ rule
surface
The process of dissolving takes place at the ____ of the solid
Surface area, stirring, and temperature
The rate at which a solid solute dissolves in a solution depends on 3 factors:
unrelated
The rate at which a solute dissolves is (related/unrelated) to its solubility
dipole
The separation of charge is called a ___
endothermic
The separation of solute particles from one another and of solvent particles from one another are both ____ processes
increased
The solubility of a g's in any solvent is increased as the pressure of the gas over the solvent is ____
Henry's Law
The solubility of a gas being proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid is known as _____
increases
The solubility of a solute increases as the temperature ____
0
The solubility of methane in water is close to ___
isotonic
Two solutions with identical osmotic pressure separated by a semipermeable membrane are said to be _____
concentrated
A ___ solution contains a large amount of salute for the amount of solvent
mixture
A blend of two or more pure substances that are not chemically combined
Nonpolar solvent
A liquid made up of nonpolar molecules is called a ____
Polar solvent
A liquid made up of polar molecules is called a ____
Grind into smaller pieces
A method to increase surface area of a solute is ____
heterogeneous mixture
A mixture that has parts that can be distinguished from each other
Homogeneous mixture
A mixture that has parts that can not be distinguished from each other
colligative property
A property that depends on the concentration of solute particles but is independent of their nature is called a _____
saturated
A solution is called ____ when no more solute can be dissolved in it
supersaturated
A solution that contains greater amount of solute than needed to form a saturated solution is said to be ____
unsaturated
A solution that has less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved is called ____
soluble
A substance that dissolves in another substance is said to be ____ in that substance
electrolyte
A substance that dissolves in water to form a solution that conducts electricity is called ____ (eg SALT)
nonelectrolyte
A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct electric currents is a ____ (eg SUGAR)
insoluble
A substance that does not dissolve in another is said to be ____
polarity
According to the "like dissolves like" rule, two liquids dissolve in each other because their molecules are alike in ____
gases
All mixtures of ____ are solutions
properties
All solutions share several important _____
water
The most common polar solvent is ____
Solid solutions, liquid solutions, gaseous solutions
Categories used to classify solutions
mole fraction=moles of component/total moles of solution
Formula for Mole Fraction
Delta T sub b= K sub b m
Formula for boiling point elevation
Delta T sub f= K sub f m
Formula for freezing point depression
Vapor pressure reduction, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure
Four colligative properties:
Electric current
Free moving ions from a dissolved ionic compound make it possible for an ____ to pass through the solution
ionic
Generally, ____ substances are more soluble in polar substances than nonpolar
hypertonic
If one solution has a higher osmotic pressure than another it is said to be _____, causing cells to shrivel
m=moles of solute/kilograms of solvent
Molality formula
temperature
Molality is independent of ____, where Molarity is not
osmosis
Net flow of solvent molecules from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution
oxygen
Nitrogen dilutes ____ in the air we breathe because the pure form of this substance is toxic
nonpolar
Nonpolar substances dissolve in ____ substances
miscible
Pairs of liquids that can be mixed in any amount and form a complete range of solutions
molecular
Particles in a solution are evenly distributed on a ___ level.
Small
Particles in a solution are very _____
alloys
The most common solid solution containing two or more metals
Polar bond
The _____ in a molecule creates areas of partial positive and partial negative charge
Freezing point depression
The ability of a dissolved solute to lower the freezing point of its solution is known as ______
Boiling point elevation
The amount by which the boiling temperature is raised is the _______
solubility
The amount of a solute that will dissolve in a specific solvent under given conditions
Concentration
The amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution
molality
The decrease in freezing point is directly proportional to the _____ of the solute
Nature of the solute and solvent, temperature, and pressure
The extent to which one substance dissolves in another depends on the ____(3)
Raoult's Law
The fact that the magnitude of the vapor-pressure reduction is proportional to solute concentration is known as _____
exothermic
The formation of attractions solute and solvent particles is an ____ process
M=moles of solute/liters of solution
The formula for molarity
solvation
The interaction between solute and solvent particles is called ____
hydration
The interaction is called ___ when the solvent is water
Molarity
The most common expression of solution concentration ____
solvent
The substance that does the dissolving
solute
The substance that is dissolved
1
The sum of the mole fractions for the solute and solvent must add up to ____
X
The symbol ___ is commonly used for mole fraction with a subscript to indicate which component of the solution is being solved for
Molarity, molality, and mole fraction
The three most commonly used measurements of concentrations
grams
The unit for expressing solubilities
solvent
The value of K sub b depends on the _____
Ionic compound
When a ____ dissolves the positive and negative ions separate and become surrounded by water molecules
Nonvolatile
When a substance has no tendency to vaporize or sublime under existing conditions it is called a ____ substance. (eg SUGAR)
Vapor pressure reduction
When more molecules leave the gas than enter it, the pressure of the gas is reduced... this is known as ____
Equilibrium
When the rate of molecules leaving a liquid surface and entering a gaseous state and molecules returning to the liquid are the same, they are said to be at an ______
balance
___ is used to obtain the desired number of moles of solute, which is then added to the flask
Polar
___ substances dissolve in polar substances
William Henry
____ found that the solubility of a gas was proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.
stirring
____ is a method to increase the rate of dissolving be sweeping the heavy concentration of dissolved solute away from the surface of the undissolved solute
Volumetric flask
____ is the best container for making a solution of a precise molarity
mole
____ is the unit of measurement to express the concentration of a solution
water
____ is the universal solvent
all
____ states of a salute can be dissolved in a liquid
K sub b
______ is a constant known as molal boiling point elevation constant
Gabriel Farenheit
______ used depressed freezing points for the low points on his thermometers