CH 15 Chemistry

solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single physical state

energy

Any time attractions are broken, ___ is required

Kinetic energy

As the temperature increases, the ____ of the solute gas becomes greater

decreases

As the temperature increases, the solubility of a gas in a liquid ___

up

As vapor pressure is reduced, boiling point goes ____

Francois-Marie Raoult

Detailed studies of the vapor pressures of solutions were carried out by _____

Hypotonic

If one solution has a lower osmotic pressure than another it is said to be _____, causing cells to explode

Solute and solvent that depend on temperature

In order to prepare a Supersaturated solution, you must choose a ___________________________

immiscible

Liquids that cannot mix in any proportions are said to be ___

semipermeable

Materials that allow some particles to pass through but not others are known as _____ materials

Temperature

Raising the ____ causes solvent particles to move faster, coming into more contact with the solute, speeding up the rate of dissolving

temperature

Solutions of gases are greatly affected by changes in _____

dilute

Solutions that have a relatively small amount of salute for the amount of solvent are said to be _____

Aqueous solutions

Solutions with water as the solvent are given the name_____

Ions or molecules

Substances that dissolve in water are classified according to whether they yield ____ or ____ in a solution.

unstable

Supersaturated solutions are very ____, meaning they will not remain Supersaturated for long

Not separate

The particles in a solution will _____ no matter how long the solution is allowed to stand under constant conditions.

Osmotic pressure (pi?)

The pressure required to prevent osmosis is known as the ______ of the solution

Like dissolves like

The principle that similar substances dissolve in each other is usually expressed as the ____ rule

surface

The process of dissolving takes place at the ____ of the solid

Surface area, stirring, and temperature

The rate at which a solid solute dissolves in a solution depends on 3 factors:

unrelated

The rate at which a solute dissolves is (related/unrelated) to its solubility

dipole

The separation of charge is called a ___

endothermic

The separation of solute particles from one another and of solvent particles from one another are both ____ processes

increased

The solubility of a g's in any solvent is increased as the pressure of the gas over the solvent is ____

Henry's Law

The solubility of a gas being proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid is known as _____

increases

The solubility of a solute increases as the temperature ____

0

The solubility of methane in water is close to ___

isotonic

Two solutions with identical osmotic pressure separated by a semipermeable membrane are said to be _____

concentrated

A ___ solution contains a large amount of salute for the amount of solvent

mixture

A blend of two or more pure substances that are not chemically combined

Nonpolar solvent

A liquid made up of nonpolar molecules is called a ____

Polar solvent

A liquid made up of polar molecules is called a ____

Grind into smaller pieces

A method to increase surface area of a solute is ____

heterogeneous mixture

A mixture that has parts that can be distinguished from each other

Homogeneous mixture

A mixture that has parts that can not be distinguished from each other

colligative property

A property that depends on the concentration of solute particles but is independent of their nature is called a _____

saturated

A solution is called ____ when no more solute can be dissolved in it

supersaturated

A solution that contains greater amount of solute than needed to form a saturated solution is said to be ____

unsaturated

A solution that has less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved is called ____

soluble

A substance that dissolves in another substance is said to be ____ in that substance

electrolyte

A substance that dissolves in water to form a solution that conducts electricity is called ____ (eg SALT)

nonelectrolyte

A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct electric currents is a ____ (eg SUGAR)

insoluble

A substance that does not dissolve in another is said to be ____

polarity

According to the "like dissolves like" rule, two liquids dissolve in each other because their molecules are alike in ____

gases

All mixtures of ____ are solutions

properties

All solutions share several important _____

water

The most common polar solvent is ____

Solid solutions, liquid solutions, gaseous solutions

Categories used to classify solutions

mole fraction=moles of component/total moles of solution

Formula for Mole Fraction

Delta T sub b= K sub b m

Formula for boiling point elevation

Delta T sub f= K sub f m

Formula for freezing point depression

Vapor pressure reduction, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure

Four colligative properties:

Electric current

Free moving ions from a dissolved ionic compound make it possible for an ____ to pass through the solution

ionic

Generally, ____ substances are more soluble in polar substances than nonpolar

hypertonic

If one solution has a higher osmotic pressure than another it is said to be _____, causing cells to shrivel

m=moles of solute/kilograms of solvent

Molality formula

temperature

Molality is independent of ____, where Molarity is not

osmosis

Net flow of solvent molecules from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution

oxygen

Nitrogen dilutes ____ in the air we breathe because the pure form of this substance is toxic

nonpolar

Nonpolar substances dissolve in ____ substances

miscible

Pairs of liquids that can be mixed in any amount and form a complete range of solutions

molecular

Particles in a solution are evenly distributed on a ___ level.

Small

Particles in a solution are very _____

alloys

The most common solid solution containing two or more metals

Polar bond

The _____ in a molecule creates areas of partial positive and partial negative charge

Freezing point depression

The ability of a dissolved solute to lower the freezing point of its solution is known as ______

Boiling point elevation

The amount by which the boiling temperature is raised is the _______

solubility

The amount of a solute that will dissolve in a specific solvent under given conditions

Concentration

The amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution

molality

The decrease in freezing point is directly proportional to the _____ of the solute

Nature of the solute and solvent, temperature, and pressure

The extent to which one substance dissolves in another depends on the ____(3)

Raoult's Law

The fact that the magnitude of the vapor-pressure reduction is proportional to solute concentration is known as _____

exothermic

The formation of attractions solute and solvent particles is an ____ process

M=moles of solute/liters of solution

The formula for molarity

solvation

The interaction between solute and solvent particles is called ____

hydration

The interaction is called ___ when the solvent is water

Molarity

The most common expression of solution concentration ____

solvent

The substance that does the dissolving

solute

The substance that is dissolved

1

The sum of the mole fractions for the solute and solvent must add up to ____

X

The symbol ___ is commonly used for mole fraction with a subscript to indicate which component of the solution is being solved for

Molarity, molality, and mole fraction

The three most commonly used measurements of concentrations

grams

The unit for expressing solubilities

solvent

The value of K sub b depends on the _____

Ionic compound

When a ____ dissolves the positive and negative ions separate and become surrounded by water molecules

Nonvolatile

When a substance has no tendency to vaporize or sublime under existing conditions it is called a ____ substance. (eg SUGAR)

Vapor pressure reduction

When more molecules leave the gas than enter it, the pressure of the gas is reduced... this is known as ____

Equilibrium

When the rate of molecules leaving a liquid surface and entering a gaseous state and molecules returning to the liquid are the same, they are said to be at an ______

balance

___ is used to obtain the desired number of moles of solute, which is then added to the flask

Polar

___ substances dissolve in polar substances

William Henry

____ found that the solubility of a gas was proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.

stirring

____ is a method to increase the rate of dissolving be sweeping the heavy concentration of dissolved solute away from the surface of the undissolved solute

Volumetric flask

____ is the best container for making a solution of a precise molarity

mole

____ is the unit of measurement to express the concentration of a solution

water

____ is the universal solvent

all

____ states of a salute can be dissolved in a liquid

K sub b

______ is a constant known as molal boiling point elevation constant

Gabriel Farenheit

______ used depressed freezing points for the low points on his thermometers