Ch 19 Blood
toxins, microbes
function of blood - through certain phagocytic white blood cells or specialized plasma proteins it combats
oxygen, co2, nutrients, heat, wastes, hormones
functions of blood - transports what 6 things
eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
granular leukocytes include _________, _________, and __________ based on the straining of the granules
regulation
hemoglobin also functions in blood pressure
protein synthesis
hemoglobin is recycled - the globin portion is split from the heme with the amino acids being reused for __________ _____________
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin molecules are specialized components fo the red blood cell plasma membrane that combines with oxygen to get
carbaminohemoglobin
hemoglobin molecules are specialized components of the red blood cell plasma membrane that combines with carbon dioxide to get
liver, heart, pancreatic islets, gonads
if the amount of iron present in the body builds up, iron overload results causing diseases of the (4)
polycythemia
in __________________ the percentage of rbc's is abnormally high with a higher than normal hematocrit
major histocompatibility antigens (mhc)
leukocytes have surface proteins, as do erythrocytes - they are called _____________ they are unique to each person (except identical twins)
megakaryocytes
megakaryoblasts transform into
megakaryoblasts
megakaryocyte colony forming cells develop into
platelet (thrombocyte)
megakaryocytes fragment and each fragment, enclosed by a piece of cell membrane, is a
megakaryocyte colony forming cells
myeloid stem cells develop into
250, 400
normal blood contains _____ to _____ thousand platelets/mm3
5,000, 10,000
normal blood contains _______ to _________ leukocytes/mm3
myeloid, lymphoid
originating fomr the pluripotent stem cells are the _________ and _____________ stem cells
5, 9
platelets have a life span of only ___ to ____ days, aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver
platelet plug
platelets help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a
clotting
platelets help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug - their granules also contain chemicals that promote blood
myeloid
these stem cells differentiate into progenitor cells or precursor cells (blast cells) which will develop into the actual formed elements of blood
lymphoid
these stem cells give rise to lymphocytes
myeloid
these stem cells give rise to rbc's, platelets, and all wbs's, except for lymphocytes
neutrophils, macrophages (fixed and wondering)
these wbc's combat inflammatin and infection through phagocytosis
eosinophils
these wbc's combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and combat parasitic worms
t lymphocytes
these wbc's destroy foreign invaders directly
basophils
these wbc's develop into mast cells that liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the inflammatory response
b lymphocytes
these wbc's differentiate into tissue plasma cells that produce antibodies in response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens
pre-b, prothymocytes
these will develop into b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes
interstitial fluid
this bathes the body cells
hemoglobin
this can release NO
thrombopoietin
this increases the number of platelet precursors
erythropoietin
this increases the number of rbc precursors
cytokins
this increases the number of wbc precursors
reticulocyte count
this is a diagnostic test that indicates the rate of erythropoiesis and is useful in diagnosing and treating anemia
thrombocytes
this is also platelets
erythrocytes
this is also red blood cells (rbc's)
leukocytes
this is also white blood cells (wbc's)
erythrocytes
this is another word for red blood cells
growth factor
this is available through recombinant DNA technology, hold great potential for us in patients who cannot normally form the blood cells
erythropoiesis
this is the production of rbc's
hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
this process of ______________ is stimulated by several hematopoietic growth factors - the growth factors stimulate defferentiation and proliferation of the various blood cells
hematopoietic growth factors
this process of hemopoiesis is stimulated by several
leukopenia
this refers to an abnormally low number of wbc's
leukocytosis
this refers to an increase in the number of wbc's
thrombopoietin
this stimulates myeloid stem cells to produce platelets
iron
under normal conditions plasma contains almost no free
emigration
wbc's leave the blood stream by
regulate ph, body temp, water in cells
what are 3 important functions that blood helps with
clot
what does blood do to prevent loss
obtain nutrients, remove waste
what is the function of blood and interstitial fluid with cells
7.35 to 7.45
what is the ph of blood
100.4
what is the temperature of blood
grams per ml
what is the unit for hemoglobin in a cbc
interstitial fluid
whats around body cells
blood
whats inside blood vessels
lymph
whats inside lymph vessels
hours, days
white blood cells usually live for only a few ________ or _________
55, 45
blood consists of _____% plasma and ____% formed elements
8
blood constitutes ______% of body weight
viscosity
blood has a greater _____________ than water
91.5, 8.5
blood plasma consists of _____% water and _____% solutes
venipuncture, finger stick, arterial stick
blood samples for lab testing may be obtained by
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
blood cells are formed from
complete blood count (cbc)
a ________ _________ ________ is a test that screens for anemia and various infection
rbc, wbc, platelets, hemoglobin
a complete blood count usually includes a count of
blood
a connective tissue, is composed of plasma and formed elements
diagnosis
a differential wbc count is a diagnostic test in which specific wbc's are enumerated - because each type of wbc plays a different role, determining the percentage of each type in the blood assist in
red blood cells
a hematocrit measures the percentage of ______ ___________ ___________ in whole blood
anemia
a significant drop in hematocrit indicates ___________, due to a lower than normal number of rbc's
spleen, liver
aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages in the ________ and __________
cytoplasmic granules
agranular leukocytes do not have
lymphocytes, monocytes
agranular leukocytes do not have cytoplasmic granules and include the _______ and __________, which differentiate into macrophages (fixed and wandering)
macrophages
at the end of the rbc life cycle the worn out rbc's go through phagocytosis - by
blood diseases
bone marrow examination is a way to diagnose
red bone marrow
erythrocyte formation, called erythropoiesis, occurs in adult
b-lymphocytes, t-lymphocytes
pre-b and prothymocytes develop from
blast cells
progenirator or precursor cells are also known as
hemoglobin, 5.4
rbc or erythrocytes contain the oxygen-carrying protein __________ and number about ______ million cells/microliter of blood
bioconcave discs
rbc's are ______________ ________ without nuclei that contain hemogloblin
120
rbc's only live about _________ days because of the wear and tear on their plasma membranes as they squeeze through blood capillaries
vasodilation
released NO causes _____________ which improves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery to the area
neutrophils, macrophages
some wbc's, particularly _____________ and ___________, are active in phagocytosis
phagocytosis
some wbc's, particularly neutrophils and macrophages are active in
iron
the __________ in the heme portion is reclaimed with the rest of the heme molecule: the rest becomes a component of bile in the digestive process
.5, 1.5
the average reticulocyte count is ____ to _____ % of all rbc's
hematology
the branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood forming tissues, and blood disorders is
chemotaxis
the chemical attraction of wbc's to a disease or injury site is termed
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
the formed elements in blood include
oxygen, co2
the function fo the hemoglobin in rbc's is to transport _______ and __________
NO
the gaseous hormone _____ binds to hemoglobin to assist blood pressure regulation
inflammation, infection
the general functions of leukocytes is to combat
bile
the iron in the heme portion is reclaimed with the rest of the heme molecule - the rest becomes a component of _________ in the digestive process
hypoxia
the main stimulus for erythropoiesis (rbc formation) is
hematocrit
the percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells is called the
proteins, nutrients, enzymens, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, waste products
the principal solutes of plasma are include 7 main things - what are they
granular, agranular
there are two principal types of leukocytes (wbc) - they are
4, 6
there is __ to __ liters of blood in body
leukocytes (wbc)
these are nucleated cells and do not contain hemoglobin
lymphoid
these stem cells differentiate into pre-B and prothymocytes which develop into b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes, respectively