Ch 19 Blood

toxins, microbes

function of blood - through certain phagocytic white blood cells or specialized plasma proteins it combats

oxygen, co2, nutrients, heat, wastes, hormones

functions of blood - transports what 6 things

eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

granular leukocytes include _________, _________, and __________ based on the straining of the granules

regulation

hemoglobin also functions in blood pressure

protein synthesis

hemoglobin is recycled - the globin portion is split from the heme with the amino acids being reused for __________ _____________

oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin molecules are specialized components fo the red blood cell plasma membrane that combines with oxygen to get

carbaminohemoglobin

hemoglobin molecules are specialized components of the red blood cell plasma membrane that combines with carbon dioxide to get

liver, heart, pancreatic islets, gonads

if the amount of iron present in the body builds up, iron overload results causing diseases of the (4)

polycythemia

in __________________ the percentage of rbc's is abnormally high with a higher than normal hematocrit

major histocompatibility antigens (mhc)

leukocytes have surface proteins, as do erythrocytes - they are called _____________ they are unique to each person (except identical twins)

megakaryocytes

megakaryoblasts transform into

megakaryoblasts

megakaryocyte colony forming cells develop into

platelet (thrombocyte)

megakaryocytes fragment and each fragment, enclosed by a piece of cell membrane, is a

megakaryocyte colony forming cells

myeloid stem cells develop into

250, 400

normal blood contains _____ to _____ thousand platelets/mm3

5,000, 10,000

normal blood contains _______ to _________ leukocytes/mm3

myeloid, lymphoid

originating fomr the pluripotent stem cells are the _________ and _____________ stem cells

5, 9

platelets have a life span of only ___ to ____ days, aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver

platelet plug

platelets help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a

clotting

platelets help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug - their granules also contain chemicals that promote blood

myeloid

these stem cells differentiate into progenitor cells or precursor cells (blast cells) which will develop into the actual formed elements of blood

lymphoid

these stem cells give rise to lymphocytes

myeloid

these stem cells give rise to rbc's, platelets, and all wbs's, except for lymphocytes

neutrophils, macrophages (fixed and wondering)

these wbc's combat inflammatin and infection through phagocytosis

eosinophils

these wbc's combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and combat parasitic worms

t lymphocytes

these wbc's destroy foreign invaders directly

basophils

these wbc's develop into mast cells that liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the inflammatory response

b lymphocytes

these wbc's differentiate into tissue plasma cells that produce antibodies in response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens

pre-b, prothymocytes

these will develop into b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes

interstitial fluid

this bathes the body cells

hemoglobin

this can release NO

thrombopoietin

this increases the number of platelet precursors

erythropoietin

this increases the number of rbc precursors

cytokins

this increases the number of wbc precursors

reticulocyte count

this is a diagnostic test that indicates the rate of erythropoiesis and is useful in diagnosing and treating anemia

thrombocytes

this is also platelets

erythrocytes

this is also red blood cells (rbc's)

leukocytes

this is also white blood cells (wbc's)

erythrocytes

this is another word for red blood cells

growth factor

this is available through recombinant DNA technology, hold great potential for us in patients who cannot normally form the blood cells

erythropoiesis

this is the production of rbc's

hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)

this process of ______________ is stimulated by several hematopoietic growth factors - the growth factors stimulate defferentiation and proliferation of the various blood cells

hematopoietic growth factors

this process of hemopoiesis is stimulated by several

leukopenia

this refers to an abnormally low number of wbc's

leukocytosis

this refers to an increase in the number of wbc's

thrombopoietin

this stimulates myeloid stem cells to produce platelets

iron

under normal conditions plasma contains almost no free

emigration

wbc's leave the blood stream by

regulate ph, body temp, water in cells

what are 3 important functions that blood helps with

clot

what does blood do to prevent loss

obtain nutrients, remove waste

what is the function of blood and interstitial fluid with cells

7.35 to 7.45

what is the ph of blood

100.4

what is the temperature of blood

grams per ml

what is the unit for hemoglobin in a cbc

interstitial fluid

whats around body cells

blood

whats inside blood vessels

lymph

whats inside lymph vessels

hours, days

white blood cells usually live for only a few ________ or _________

55, 45

blood consists of _____% plasma and ____% formed elements

8

blood constitutes ______% of body weight

viscosity

blood has a greater _____________ than water

91.5, 8.5

blood plasma consists of _____% water and _____% solutes

venipuncture, finger stick, arterial stick

blood samples for lab testing may be obtained by

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

blood cells are formed from

complete blood count (cbc)

a ________ _________ ________ is a test that screens for anemia and various infection

rbc, wbc, platelets, hemoglobin

a complete blood count usually includes a count of

blood

a connective tissue, is composed of plasma and formed elements

diagnosis

a differential wbc count is a diagnostic test in which specific wbc's are enumerated - because each type of wbc plays a different role, determining the percentage of each type in the blood assist in

red blood cells

a hematocrit measures the percentage of ______ ___________ ___________ in whole blood

anemia

a significant drop in hematocrit indicates ___________, due to a lower than normal number of rbc's

spleen, liver

aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages in the ________ and __________

cytoplasmic granules

agranular leukocytes do not have

lymphocytes, monocytes

agranular leukocytes do not have cytoplasmic granules and include the _______ and __________, which differentiate into macrophages (fixed and wandering)

macrophages

at the end of the rbc life cycle the worn out rbc's go through phagocytosis - by

blood diseases

bone marrow examination is a way to diagnose

red bone marrow

erythrocyte formation, called erythropoiesis, occurs in adult

b-lymphocytes, t-lymphocytes

pre-b and prothymocytes develop from

blast cells

progenirator or precursor cells are also known as

hemoglobin, 5.4

rbc or erythrocytes contain the oxygen-carrying protein __________ and number about ______ million cells/microliter of blood

bioconcave discs

rbc's are ______________ ________ without nuclei that contain hemogloblin

120

rbc's only live about _________ days because of the wear and tear on their plasma membranes as they squeeze through blood capillaries

vasodilation

released NO causes _____________ which improves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery to the area

neutrophils, macrophages

some wbc's, particularly _____________ and ___________, are active in phagocytosis

phagocytosis

some wbc's, particularly neutrophils and macrophages are active in

iron

the __________ in the heme portion is reclaimed with the rest of the heme molecule: the rest becomes a component of bile in the digestive process

.5, 1.5

the average reticulocyte count is ____ to _____ % of all rbc's

hematology

the branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood forming tissues, and blood disorders is

chemotaxis

the chemical attraction of wbc's to a disease or injury site is termed

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

the formed elements in blood include

oxygen, co2

the function fo the hemoglobin in rbc's is to transport _______ and __________

NO

the gaseous hormone _____ binds to hemoglobin to assist blood pressure regulation

inflammation, infection

the general functions of leukocytes is to combat

bile

the iron in the heme portion is reclaimed with the rest of the heme molecule - the rest becomes a component of _________ in the digestive process

hypoxia

the main stimulus for erythropoiesis (rbc formation) is

hematocrit

the percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells is called the

proteins, nutrients, enzymens, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, waste products

the principal solutes of plasma are include 7 main things - what are they

granular, agranular

there are two principal types of leukocytes (wbc) - they are

4, 6

there is __ to __ liters of blood in body

leukocytes (wbc)

these are nucleated cells and do not contain hemoglobin

lymphoid

these stem cells differentiate into pre-B and prothymocytes which develop into b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes, respectively