ch 2-10 critical reading guide quiz

The accompanying image shows a doubledecked section of Interstate 880 (the Nimitz Freeway) that collapsed during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and caused 42 deaths. About 1.4 kilometers (0.9 mile) of this freeway section, commonly called the Cypress Viaduct, collapsed, while a similar section survived the vibration. Both sections were subsequently demolished and rebuilt as a singlelevel structure, at a cost of $1.2 billion. Examine the map and seismograms from an aftershock that shows the intensity of shaking observed at three nearby locations. Which of the two sections of the Cypress Viaduct shown on the map do you think collapsed? O 1 O 2

1

what is the atomic number of this atom? 12 neutrons 11 protons a) 12 b) 11 c) 23

11

During _____ earthquake fires destroyed most of the city.

1906 San Francisco

The strongest earthquake in the United States ever recorded by instruments was ______ earthquake.

1964 Alaska

If we know the S-P arrival time, we can refer to published charts to determine the distance to the earthquake's epicenter. What is the distance to the epicenter if S wave arrives 7 seconds after P wave? (Careful - the #2 and #3 are only from the example in the book. You are looking for the distance at which the difference between the P- and S- curves equals the time interval you found above. Be sure to use the bottom scale for miles or Figure 5.14 in your book) O 2900 miles O 3400 miles O 1800 miles O 1000 miles

2900 miles

The time interval between P- and S- waves can help determine the distance from your location to an earthquake's epicenter. If the vertical lines represent 1-minute, what is the time interval between the arrival of the first P-wave and the arrival of the first S-wave? O 6 O 4 O 10 O 12

6

an atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. how many neurtrons are in its nucleus? a) 13 b) 7 c) 6 d) 19

6

only 5% of lithosphere is made of sedimentary rocks, however, sedimentary rocks comprise about _____ of the surface of continents. a) 75% b) 10% c) 25% d) 50%

75%

crater

A bowl-shaped depression near an active or former vent from the accumulation of debris around the rim OR the collapse of a former vent

parasitic cone

A smaller volcanic cone that develops on the flank of a larger volcano

conduit

A somewhat pipe-shaped opening that allows magma to move to the surface within a volcano

vent

A surface opening at the top of the conduit from which lava and pyroclastic material may be emitted

fumarole

A vent in a volcanic area that emits only gases

According to the map below, which pair of cities are moving closer together? a) beijing and Honolulu b) Denver and Boston c) Delhi and Darwin d) Mexico City and London

Beijing and Honolulu

The largest earthquake ever recorded was a Magnitude 9.5 event that occurred in _____ in 1960. O Alaska O California O Chile O China

Chile

What are the world's two major earthquake belts. O Circum-Pacific and Alpine-Himalayan O Circum-Indian and Afro-European O Circum-Atlantic and Indo-Australian O South-American and West-African

Circum-Pacific and Alpine-Himalayan

According to the figure, which two cities are NOT moving relative to each other? a) Denver and Boston b) Mexico City and London c) Delhi and Beijing d) Darwin and Honolulu

Denver and Boston

According to the map below, which segment of the ocean ridge system is diverging at the fastest rate? a) Southeast Indian Ridge b) Galapagos Spreading Center c) Mid-Atlantic Ridge d) East Pacific Rise

East Pacific Rise

Why did Wegener choose organisms such as Glosseropteris and Mesosaurus as evidence for continental drift, as opposed to other fossil organisms such as sharks? a) Glosseropteris or Mesosaurus fossils are much better preserved than shark fossils b) Glosseropteris or Mesosaurus are better indicators of past climates than sharks c) Glosseropteris and Mesosaurus would not travel across oceans, yet today they are found on different continents d) sharks are not as old as Glosseropteris or Mesosaurus

Glosseropteris and Mesosaurus would not travel across oceans, yet today they are found on different continents

_____ is dark brown rock that cuts through red layered sedimentary rocks a) Igneous Bathoilith b) Igneous Sill c) Igneous Laccolith d) Igneous Dike

Igneous Dike

The strength of an earthquake or the total amound of energy released is known as a O Seismograph O Seismogram O Amplitude O Magnitude

Magnitude

The strength of an earthquake or the total around of energy released is known as a O Seismograph O Seismogram O Amplitude O Magnitude

Magnitude

_____ is a hot cloud of volcanic ash and gas that travels very fast and destroys everything on its path. a) Cocquina flow b) Nuee Ardente (Pyroclastic Flow) c) Basalt Flow d) Anastomosing flow

Nuee Ardente (Pyroclastic Flow)

_____ is study of ancient earthquakes which includes digging trenches along the faults where earthquakes occured. O Paleophysics O Paleofaultology O Paleoseismology O Paleontology

Paleoseismology

Which two plates are made entirely of oceanic crust? a) Eurasian and North-American plates b) African and Arabian plates c) Philippine and Nazca plates d) Caribbean and South-American plates

Philippine and Nazca plates

Instrument that measures and records earthquakes is known as O Shaker O Seismograph O Micrograph O Barograph

Seismograph

The study of earthquakes is scientific discipline of Geology known as O Geochemistry O Geostructure O Earthology O Seismology

Seismology

volcanic ash

Small shards of very fine glassy fragments less than 2 mm in size

Which location is closest to the earthquake's epicenter? O Los Angeles, California O St. Louis, Missouri O Houston, Texas

St. Louis, Missouri

A volcanic deposit comprised of red to black lapilli-sized pyroclastic material associated with pahoehoe lava flows was probably deposited on _____ a) a cinder cone b) a large composite volcano c) a shield volcano

a cinder cone

match the following minerals with the appropriate mineral group. a) calcite (CaCO3) b) halite (HaCl) c) gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O) d) olivine (Mg, Fe 2SiO4) e) hematite (Fe2O3) f) pyrite (FeS2) g) gold (Au)

a) carbonates b) halides c) sulfates d) silicates e) oxides f) sulfides g) native elements

match these important non silicate minerals with their uses... a) halite b) calcite (limestone) c) gypsum d) hematite

a) road and table salt b) road aggregate, building stores c) wallboard d) iron ore

Which of the following factors influences a magma's viscosity? Select all that apply. a) the magma's temperature b) the magma's composition (silica content) c) the date of last eruption d) the presence and amount of dissolved gases in the magma

a) the magma's temperature b) the magma's composition (silica content) d) the presence and amount of dissolved gases in the magma

Below is an image of intrusive magma bodies that will eventually cool and crystallize to form plutons of igneous rock. Match the appropriate magma feature with the name of the pluton it will become. a) laccolith b) batholith c) dike

a) x b) z c) y

Which two plates are involved in the East Africa Rift Zone and the formation of the Read Sea? Select all that apply. a) Australian-Indian Plate b) Eurasian Plate c) African Plate d) Arabian Plate

african plate arabian plate

_____ formulated Continental Drift Hypothesis a) Albert Einstein b) Charles Darvin c) Alfred Wegener d) Benjamin Franklin

alfred wegener

a foliated metamorphic

alignment of minerals such that mineral grain or structural features might appear as banding, "waviness", or planes

Which of the following would you expect to find at an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary like the one below at the Aleutian Islands of Alaska? a) ocean trench b) volcanic island arc c) earthquakes d) all of the above

all of the above

which of the following would you expect to find at an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary like the one below at the aleutian island of alaska? O ocean trench O earthquakes O volcanic island arc O all of the above

all of the above

which of the following states are true about the Oxygen atoms shown below? a) they represent isotopes of oxygen b) they all have the same number of protons c) they all have different number of neutrons d) all of these statements are true

all of these statements are true

the figure below shows an atomic bond forming between Sodium (Na+) and Chlorine (Cl-) which of the following statement is true about these atoms a) these atoms will ultimately form an ionic bond b) the Na atom will transfer an electron to the Cl atom c) the Cl atom will become an anion d) all the above

all the above

What kind of structure is shown on this image? a) basin b) syncline c) monocline d) anticline

anticline

muscovite (KAI3Si3O10(OH)2)

as one of the micas

Where are fastest rates of sea-floor spreading? a) at Mid-Atlantic Ridge b) at Southwest Indian Ridge c) at Chile Ridge d) at East-Pacific Rise

at East-Pacific Rise

Where are slowest rates of sea-floor spreading? a) at Chile Ridge b) at Mid-Atlantic Ridge c) at East Pacific Rise d) at Southwest Indian Ridge

at Southwest Indian Ridge

What type of lava is seen at this photo? (picture isn't shown: Kilauea Volcano lava flow) a) felsic b) rhyolitic c) basaltic d) intermediate

basaltic

limestone

calcite

which mineral fizzes when a diluted hydrocloric acid is applied at its surface? a) calcite b) quartz c) galena d) feldspar

calcite

Which of the following IS NOT an intrusive igneous body? a) sill b) caldera c) batholith d) dike

caldera

calcite

can be scratched by a knife

What type of volcano is shown on this image? a) shield volcano b) cinder cone c) altovolcano d) stratovolcano

cinder cone

Most of the active volcanoes on Earth are located in the belt known as _____. a) circum-Arctic belt (ring of fire) b) circum-Pacific belt (ring of fire) c) circum-Indian belt (ring of fire) d) circum-Atlantic belt (ring of fire)

circum-Pacific belt (ring of fire)

two broad categories of sediments are... O igneous and metamorphic O clastic and nonclastic O felsic and mafic O sedimentary and metamorphic

clastic and nonclastic

how minerals split- the number and directions of planes can help identify a mineral

cleavage

sedimentary rock made of plant material is called _____. O arkose O coal O chert O sandstone

coal

What is the name of cone-shaped volcano composed of interlayered pyroclastic material and lavas? a) cinder cone b) composite cone (stratovolcano) c) caldera d) shield volcano

composite cone (stratovolcano)

_____ is sedimentary rock made of rounded pebbles. O breccia O sandstone O shale O conglomerate

conglomerate

when hot magma intrudes or gets near existing rock, the heat can cause adjacent rock to undergo metamorphic changes

contact metamorphic

Scientists now understand how different types of landforms are created in connection to the patterns of lithospheric plate movement. Which type of landform would you expect to find in the Pacific northwest of the United States, directly landward of where the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting under the North American plate? a) continental volcanic arc b) transform faults c) volcanic island arc d) ocean ridge

continental volcanic arc

What type of plate boundary is shown here? a) divergent, continental-continental b) convergent, continental-continental c) convergent, oceanic-continental d) divergent, oceanic-continental

convergent, continental-continental

What type of plate boundary is shown here? a) divergent, continental-continental b) convergent, continental-continental c) convergent, oceanic-oceanic d) divergent, oceanic-oceanic

convergent, oceanic-oceanic

sedimentary rock made entirely of shells and skeletons of marine organism is called _____. O shale O chert O coquina O arkose

coquina

the structure of a mineral is rarely seen unless it develops in undisturbed conditions. this property may be described by terms like "hexagonal", "cubic", "prismatic" or "orthorhombic"

crystal structure

halite (NaCl)

cubic cleavage and tastes like salt

based on the texture and mineral composition, identify this igneous rock O gabbro O diorite O andesite O rhyolite

diorite

there are _____ and _____, which have same chemical composition, but one formed by slow cooling deep beneath the surface (left) and the other by rapid cooling at the surface (right) O gabbro and rhyolite O granite and gabbro O granite and basalt O diorite and andesite

diorite and andesite

Red Sea, which separates Africa from Arabia, is _________ plate boundary. a) convergent b) anastomosing c) divergent d) transform

divergent

Which two plate boundaries are shown on this diagram? a) convergent and transform b) convergent and translucent c) divergent and transform d) divergent and convergent

divergent and transform

What type of plate boundary is shown here? a) convergent, oceanic-oceanic b) convergent, oceanic-continental c) divergent, oceanic-continental d) divergent, oceanic-oceanic

divergent, oceanic-oceanic

dolomite

dolomite

Black Hills, which contain very old Precambrian Granite in their core (Mt. Rushmore Ntl. Monument) represent structural a) caldera b) basin c) fault d) dome

dome

_____ is a process of peeling off thin sheets of granite when it gets exposed at the Earth's surface. O solifluction O palatalization O frost wedging O exfoliation

exfoliation

Divergent plate boundaries are also known as destructive plate boundaries. true false

false

Hanging wall block is always below the fault plane. True False

false

Normal faults are common at convergen plate boundaries. true false

false

Plate Tectonics Theory was formulated in late 1930s. true false

false

Volcanoes occur only on land because the high pressures and cold temperatures at the bottom of the ocean prevent lava from erupting. true false

false

basalt is felsic igneous rock true false

false

basalt is fine grained equivalent of granite true false

false

marble is foliated metamorphic rock. true false

false

metamorphism can affect only sedimentary rocks. true false

false

the currently active volcano of kilauea on the island of hawaii forms at a plate boundary. true false

false

the particles in breccia are well rounded pebbles and gravel. true false

false

this mineral is major component of granite and its diagnostic property is two planes of cleavage at 90 degree angles a) feldspar b) halite c) calcite d) quartz

feldspar

The most violent volcanic activity is associated with a) felsic magma b) mafic magma c) basaltic magma d) intermediate magma

felsic magma

chemical sedimentary rock

form when dissolved minerals precipitate (crystallize) from solutions

You might have noticed that the most abundant type of chemical sedimentary rock is (are) the limestones. Some are biochemical; created from the accumulation of shells in marine or freshwater environments. Some are chemical; created by crystallization of calcite from solution (e.g. in caves, at hot springs, or whenlakes/oceans evaporate). Can you identify this limestone? O travertine O chalk O fossiliferous limestone O coquina

fossiliferous limestone

the texture and shape of a rock's surface when a mineral breaks. distinctly different from cleavage the surfaces may appear uneven, rough, or curved. this property may be described by terms like "conchoidal"

fracture

identify the mineral below. a diagnostic property might be its cubic crystal structure. even though this mineral can be scratched by a penny, its high specific gravity of 7.1 stands out. a) hornblende b) garnet c) magnetite d) galena

galena

_____ is a high grade foliated metamorphic rock. O granite O gneiss O basalt O slate

gneiss

Half Dome is a famous climbing peak in Yosemite National Park that is more than 8.800 feet above sea level and 5.000 feet above thefloor of Yosemite Valley. It is composed of plutonic (intrusive) igneous rock called _____. O rhyolite O andesite O granite O basalt

granite

Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of... O gabbro O basalt O andesite O granite

granite

which rock is shown on this photo? O granite O basalt O gabbro O rhyolite

granite

which of the following minerals is softest? a) graphite (C) b) pytrite (FeS) c) halite (NaCl) d) quartz (SiO2)

graphite (C)

rock gypsum

gypsum

which of the following minerals is majoir ingredient in making drywall? a) feldspar b) gypsum c) hematite d) quartz

gypsum

rock salt

halite

two most important agents of metamorphism are _____. O pressure and water O salts and water O heat and pressure O water and heat

heat and pressure

mineral's dianostic is its red streak. this mineral is a major iron one. a) graphite b) hematite c) garnet d) galena

hematite

iron ore

hematite and magnetite

Hawaiian Islands are associated with a) transform plate boundary b) divergent plate boundary c) hot spot d) convergent plate boundary

hot spot

According to the chart below, as a magma's silica content increases, the magma's viscosity _____ increases descrease

increases

As the distance from an earthquake's epicenter increases, the time interval between the arrival of the P- wave and S-waves increases decreases

increases

Both, Hawaiian and Yellowstone volcanism belong to _____. a) transverse plate volcanism b) subduction zone volcanism c) divergence zon volcanism d) intraplate, hot spot volcanism

intraplate, hot spot volcanism

According to the map, what will happen to the size of the Nazca plate over time if current patterns of plate movement continue? it will increase it will decrease

it will decrease

volcanic blocks

large pyroclasts (>64 mm) formed from incandescent lava that cools and falls near the vent

volcanic bombs

large pyroclasts (>64 mm) formed when semi-molten lava is ejected. They typically cool in the air to form a streamlined shape

what is the most abundant biochemical sedimentary rock? O rock gypsum O limestone O sandstone O shale

limestone

the appearance of a mineral in reflected light

luster

the terms metallic, nonmetallic, dull, earthy, or pearly describe which property of minerals? a) specific gravity b) luster c) color d) streak

luster

magnetite (Fe3O4)

magnetic

which of these metamorphic rocks formed from original limestock rock? O quartzite O gneiss O marble O slate

marble

What structure is shown on this diagram? a) anticline b) syncline c) tricline d) monocline

monocline

identify the mineral below. a dianostic property is its 1 plane of perfect cleavage that makes it break or cleave in to thin elastic sheets. a) calcite b) muscovite c) quartz d) feldspar

muscovite

Which of these lithospheric plates is moving at the fastest rate? a) North American b) African plate c) Antarctic d) Nazca plate

nazca plate

electrons

negatively charged particles with negligible mass

neutrons

neutral particles with a mass of 1 atomic mass unit

What type of fault is shown on this image? a) reverse b) thrust c) normal d) left lateral

normal

Beautiful Tetons Range in Wyoming developed as a result of _____. a) referse fault b) right lateral fault c) normal fault d) folded anticline

normal fault

metallic minerals that can be extracted profitably are best referred to as... a) mineral resources b) ore deposits c) mineral reserves

ore deposits

Smooth and easy flowing ropy lava is known as _____ lava. a) bb lava b) aa lava c) pahoehoe d) aloha lava

pahoehoe

divergent plate boundary

plates move apart from each other creating new lithosphere (constructive boundary)

transform plate boundary

plates move laterally past each other (conservative boundary)

convergent plate boundary

plates move toward each other, destroying existing lithosphere (destructive boundary)

an igneous rock containing crystals of more than one size is said to have a _____ texture. O plenuicit O porphyritic O aphanitic O phaneritic

porphyritic

protons

positively charged with a mass 1 atomic mass unit

which subatomic particles occur in the nucleus of an atom? a) electrons b) protons c) neutrons

protons neutrons

lapilli

pyroclasts that range in size from small beads to walnuts (2 - 64 mm)

a diagnositc property is its conchodial fracture with a hardness of 7, its hard enough to scratch glass a) quartz b) calcite c) muscovite d) feldspar

quartz

chert

quartz (silicon dioxide)

_____ is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced from sandstone. O quartzite O marble O phyllite O slate

quartzite

hematite (Fe2O3)

recognized by its characteristic

the texture of an igneous rock O is controlled by composition of magma O records rock's cooling history O determines the color of the rock O is caused by leaching

records rock's cooling history

a non foliated metamorphic

recrystallization of minerals such that minerals appear like large, interlocking crystals

during tectonic or mountain-building events, high temperature and pressure can lead to large scale

regional metamorphic

What type of fault is shown on this diagram? a) left lateral b) normal c) reverse d) right lateral

reverse

Famous San Andreas Fault in California is a _____ fault. a) left lateral b) right lateral c) reverse d) normal

right lateral

fossil fuels like oil and natural gas are typically found in the pore spaces of which type of sedimentary rock? O granite O coal O gneiss O sandstone

sandstone

which of these sedimentary rocks is made of finest particles? O conglomerate O sandstone O shale O breccia

shale

What is largest type of volcano? a) cinder cone b) shield volcano c) caldera d) composite cone

shield volcano

which group does feldspar, one of the most common minerals near the surface of Earth, belong to? a) silicates b) sulfates c) halides d) carbonates

silicates

which of the following represents the most abundant (common) mineral group? a) silicates b) oxides c) halides d) native elements

silicates

what is the building block of silicate minerals? a) silicon-iron dodekahedron b) calcium-oxygen tetrahedron c) silicon-calcium octahedron d) silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Examine the map and seismograms from an aftershock that shows the intensity of shaking observed at three nearby locations after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in California. What type of ground material experienced the greatest amount of ground shaking? O soft mud O Bedrock O Sand and gravel

soft mud

If you consider the magnetic anomalies at these two ocean ridges, which one appears to be moving at a faster rate over the past 1 million years? (unable to upload two sets of pictures- only one) a) spreading center b b) spreading center a

spreading center a

The most violent, explosive, and unpredictable volcanic activity is associated with _____ a) stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes) b) shield volcanoes c) fissure eruptions d) cinder cones

stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes)

the color left by mineral scratching a porcelain plate

streak

On this time-travel curve, if a large earthquake is 400 km away from the station, what can you say about the arrivals of the P- and S-waves? O the S-waves will arrive 40 seconds before the P-waves O the S-waves will arrive 400 seconds before the P-waves O the S-waves will arrive 40 seconds after the P-waves O the P-waves will arrive 100 seconds before the S-waves

the S-waves will arrive 40 seconds after the P-waves

quartz (SiO2)

this mineral can strach glass

The San Andreas fault is at _____ plate boundary. a) transform b) convergent c) countervengent d) divergent

transform

Divergent plate boundaries are also known as constructive plate boundaries. true false

true

Hanging wall block is always above the fault plane. True False

true

Injection of water into seismically active faults can trigger small earthquakes that release build-up of strain. true false

true

Reverse faults are common at convergent plate boundaries. true false

true

The crests of mid ocean ridges contain active rift zones (rift valleys). true false

true

The greater the silica content in magma the more viscous it is. True False

true

The spot inside the Earth where energy is released and an earthquake occurs is known as a focus (hypocenter). true false

true

There is no modern oceanic crust older than 250 million years. true false

true

Ultimate result of divergent plate motions is formation of an ocean. true false

true

Very viscous (silica rich) magmas are much more explosive than fluid (silica poor) magmas. true false

true

Volcanic island arcs develop at convergent (oceanic-oceanic) plate boundaries. true false

true

cations are positively charged ions true false

true

chert is made of microcrystalline quartz. true false

true

felsic igneous rocks are mostly made of quartz and feldspar. true false

true

if shale is exposed to pressure and heat it may change into slate. true false

true

the most abundant sedimentary rock is shale (mudstone) true false

true

Large wave triggered by submarine earthquake is called O rogue wave O noreaster O tsunami O yokohami

tsunami

As magma approaches the surface, water contributes to the explosive potential of the eruption because _____. a) water dissolved in magma flashes to steam as pressure decreases, and the volume increase leads to an explosive potential b) water has a lower density in its solid phase than its liquid phase which makes it explode when pressure decreases c) water has a large heat capacity, which allow it to keep the magma hot enough to explode d) water dissociates to hydrogen and oxygen at high temperatures but reacts violently at decreasing pressures to produce explosive eruptions

water dissolved in magma flashes to steam as pressure decreases, and the volume increase leads to an explosive potential