ch 2

An unconditioned stimulus is best described as a(n)

event that automatically leads to a response

The universality-context-specificity issue is concerned with whether

we all follow the same or different developmental paths

Which question provides the best example of the concept of generativity versus stagnation?

will my work benefit the next generation?

Some public figures in America seem to believe that the world revolves around them and cannot comprehend any ideas or perspectives other than their own. Piaget would say that these adults are acting more like ________

4 year olds

Some theorists believe that humans are more passive in development, while others believe they are more active. Which of the following correctly lists the theorists from a highly passive perspective to a highly active perspective?

Freud, Erikson, Skinner, Bandura

Which statement best exemplifies the perspective held by most 21st century developmentalists?

Humans and their environments mutually interact to influence development.

Who would be most likely to believe that the horrible-sounding music his band is playing actually sounds good, just because he wants the band to sound good?

John, a pre operational thinker

What is vicarious reinforcement?

When a person's behavior changes based on consequences that happen to an observed model

A developmental scientist who wanted to point out weaknesses in Piagets theory of development would have the most success focusing on which of the following?

a childs culture

Because Dr. Patel falls on the nurture side of the nature-nurture controversy, she is most likely to believe that

a mothers care can greatly impact the development of a child

Reciprocal determinism refers to a continuous back and forth interaction between

a person, his or her behavior, and the environment

In operant conditioning terms, a positive consequence is to a negative consequence as

adding is to removing

To control anxiety, the ego is most likely to

adopt defense mechanisms

Claytons friends have been known to call him a bit of a control freak. He has no problem with that label; he prefers to be the master of his own universe even when it comes to his developmental journey through life. Which theorist would Clayton consider as his champion?

bandura

Why did Bronfenbrenner call his framework for human development bioecological?

because he believed that development reflects people and their environment

Damon is preparing to deliver a speech on the interdependent developmental dynamic between humans and their environment. Who will Damon likely reference in his speech?

bronfenbrenner

Constructivism proposes that children learn best

by doing

A parent who falls on the activity side of the activity-passivity issue is most likely to believe that

children play an important role in shaping their own development

People and their environments and the relations between the two change over time and unfold in particular patterns or sequences over a persons lifetime. This illustrates the

chronosystem

When describing her theory of development, Candice says, The basic idea is that I take a stimulus that at first has no effect on an individual. Then I pair that stimulus with a second stimulus that does elicit some response. After the two have been paired together a few times, I test to see if the initial stimulus now elicits a response similar to the one elicited by the second stimulus. Given this description, Candice would be best classified as a(n) _____ conditioning theorist.

classical

A reasonable criticism of Freudian psychoanalytic theory is that it puts too little emphasis on the

collection of hard data to support his findings

The statement, change is different from person to person because cultures differ from person to person, best fits with the _____ approach to development.

context specific

Molly has just entered the stage of formal operational thought. Something she can do now that she could not do before is to

deal effectively with purely hypothetical situations

Eriksons theory offers value to scientists because it ________ a key aspect of human development.

delineates

In comparison to Freud, Erikson placed greater emphasis on

development after adolescense

Jerome believes that development proceeds through a series of developmental stages, each of which represents distinct changes. He might best be called a(n) _____ theorist.

discontinuity

One strength of Freuds approach to development is his description of how

early experience can influence later development

Dr. Leung believes that no one theory can explain human development and has developed an approach that incorporates elements from many of the major theories. Given this description, Dr. Leung is best classified as a(n) _____ theorist.

eclectic

Although not as popular among scientists as it once was, Piagets cognitive theory of development still has influence in the field of

education

Chous mother had a terrible day at work and when she got home, snapped at him because he had not finished his homework. This illustrates the impact of the

exosystem

In Bronfenbrenners theory, linkages involving social settings that individuals do not experience directly but that can still influence their development are called the

exosystem

The greatest weakness of the systems theory of development is that it

fails to provide a coherent picture of development

Amir is a strong proponent of Vygotskys perspective, so he views development as being driven by universal formal transactions of cognitive information.

false

Bronfenbrenners PPCT model encourages researchers to emphasize proximity and chronology when studying human development.

false

Discontinuity theorists believe that development involves primarily quantitative changes in human behavior.

false

Erikson suggested that humans develop over a series of psychosexual stages

false

The ego is the irrational, impulsive component of personality that serves only to satisfy ones instincts.

false

When a five-year-old girl performs every action that her mother does while making dinner including singing to the radio and dropping a pan on the floor the child is demonstrating the concept of reciprocity

false

Watson and Raynors experiment is important because it demonstrated that

fear can be learned

Eriksons theory is different from Freuds because it

focuses on possibilities for growth beyond adolescence

Miguel is currently questioning himself. Which question would indicate that Miguel is currently in Eriksons integrity versus despair stage of life?

has my life been worthwhile?

65 : How did Bandura demonstrate the existence of observational learning in the famous Bobo doll study?

he showed that children would model an adult they saw in a film

According to Freud, the primary mission of the ego is to

help the child find realistic ways to get needs met

Which of the following is a key criticism of Eriksons theory of personality development?

his theory is rather vague and difficult to test

Watson believed that

how a person turns out depends entirely on the environment in which he or she grows up

A theory guides all of the following EXCEPT

how many times an issue should be studied

Lisa and Lyle both want to stay up past their bedtimes to watch a show on TV. When their parents say No, Lisa throws a fit, while Lyle says, Please? Ill brush my teeth and get into PJs so that I can just pop into bed the minute the show is over! From a Freudian perspective, Lisa is responding from her _____, while Lyle is communicating through his _____.

id; ego

The Oedipus complex is successfully resolved through the process of

identification

Jiao is 15 years old. She spends countless hours alone and in conversation with her peers trying to figure out what it is she wants to do with her life. Jiao is in which of the following of Eriksons psychosocial stages?

identity versus role confusion

Marisol is a strong supporter of the learning theories, so she believes that human development is

individualistic

Rather than a sense of inferiority, eight-year-old Zeke has developed a sense of mastery in all his academic endeavors. Erikson would say that Zeke has a strong sense of

industry

Which type of theorist would be most likely to describe the human mind in terms of mental hardware and software?

information processing

the cognitive deficits that occur in someone who has Alzheimers disease demonstrates a component of which theory on human development?

information processing

The preschool-aged child is typically in which of Eriksons psychosocial stages?

initiative versus guilt

Ruth is 80 years old and terminally ill with cancer. As she reflects back on her life, she comes to the conclusion that she has lived a full and productive life, and that it could not have been better lived in any other way. Ruth has successfully mastered the developmental task of

integrity versus despair

Eriksons psychosocial theory is more useful than Freuds psychosexual theory because

it is more comprehensive

In operant conditioning, which statement best exemplifies the process of extinction?

just ignore it

Qualitative changes are best thought of as changes in _____, while quantitative changes are best thought of as changes in _____.

kind; degree

After reading about various developmental theorists, Quentin became fascinated with Vygotskys perspective. Now that he is formally a researcher, which of the following is the likely focus of Quentins work?

language as a culture

Hector is watching his first soccer match on television. Despite the fact that he has learned to kick the ball like the players while watching the event, he does not demonstrate this skill in his backyard later that afternoon. Bandura would refer to this situation as demonstrating

latent learning

Anthony has been refusing to go to school. Anthonys culture places great emphasis on academic achievement and expects that young people will get no grade lower than an A, and his teacher wonders whether that may be influencing Anthonys school refusal. This illustrates operation of the

macrosystem

With regard to the nature-nurture debate, a strong believer in nature would suggest that

maturation forces are more influential than environmental experiences in determining human behavior

In Bronfenbrenners theory, the interrelationships between microsystems form the

mesosystem

Terrell has been refusing to go to school. Bronfenbrenner suggests that the problem has been aggravated by poor communication between the school and Terrells parents. This illustrates the operation of the

mesosystem

Rhondella really likes jewelry. Her parents want Rhondella to stop talking on the phone every night after school. In order to accomplish this task, they take away her new watch and tell her that she will lose more jewelry if she does not decrease her phone use. In this situation, Rhondellas parents are attempting to use _____ to alter her behavior.

negative punishment

In operant conditioning terms, _____ occurs when something unpleasant is removed and the result is an increased response rate.

negative reinforcement

Inez tells her daughter Rosa, I will stop this nagging, which you find unpleasant, as soon as you clean your room today and continue to clean it in the future. This description indicates that Inez is trying to use

negative reinforcement

Sheldon proudly proclaims himself to be a man of science, who is guided by facts. Would Sheldon support Freuds theories on human development?

no, they are too ambiguous

Olga goes along with her brother Gustav to his gymnastics class and watches closely while he works on the balance beam. One day, Olgas mom finds her out in the back yard, with a board spread across two big boxes, doing some of the same maneuvers that she has seen Gustav do in class. This is an example of

observational learning

In operant conditioning terms, a negative consequence

occurs when something is removed

Joy comes home from work exhausted and is surprised to find that her daughter, Michelle, has set the table and started dinner. Joy is thrilled. She praises Michelle and spends an extra half-hour reading with her before bed (something that Michelle likes). The same thing happens the next day, and soon this has become a daily event. This is an example of

operant conditioning

The ability of a theory to provide researchers with a sense of the big picture reflects which benefit of scientific theories?

organization

Compared to earlier learning theorists, Bandura would say that human development is more

participatory

Lindsey argues that she is not responsible for any of her bad behavior as she is driven by biological and environmental factors over which she has no control. This belief best exemplifies the _____ position on development.

passivity

What is a common criticism of learning approaches to human development?

placing too little emphasis on genetic factors

In operant conditioning terms, _____ occurs when something unpleasant is added and the result is a decreased response rate.

positive punishment

After Davio brings home a report card with all As, his parents (who want to make sure this behavior continues in the future) give him a new car (something that he really wanted). It appears that Davios parents are attempting to use _____ to keep his grades up.

positive reinforcement

Lakesha watches as her mom puts a couple of drops of red food coloring into her glass of water. Although Lakesha tasted the water just before her mom put in the drops, she now believes that her water will taste like fruit punch. Piaget would most likely argue that Lakesha is in the _____ stage of development.

pre operational

Marcus believes that his daughter Anita acts the way she does because of the unconscious workings of her mind. This belief best matches with the _____ theory of development.

psychoanalytic

Brynn is three years old. She has been out of diapers for over a year. When her mother comes home from the hospital with a new baby brother, Brynn begins to suck her thumb and wet the bed at night. According to Freud, Brynn is experiencing

regression

Donna sometimes gets overwhelmed even thinking about research on human development, because there is so much data out there to consider. She is grateful that others have developed theories, because it helps her to determine which data is

relevant

Which defense mechanism involves removing unacceptable thoughts from consciousness?

repression

During the _____ stage of development, individuals lack the ability to use symbols.

sensorimotor

Chenelle wants her daughter Lisa to improve her study skills. How could Chenelle use positive reinforcement to achieve this goal?

she could give lisa candy (something Lisa likes) every time she studies

Priya is participating in a research project intended to alter her behavior through learning theory, which in her case is successful. Watson would say that Priyas behavior was guided by ________, whereas Bandura would say that her behavior was guided by ________

stimuli; perceptions

33 : After her mother says, No, you may not eat any cookies Sandra takes some cookies from the cookie jar and eats them when her mother isnt looking. Later, she feels bad because she knows this was not a good thing to do. Sandras attitude indicates that her

superego is reasonably well developed

A theorist with a(n) _____ perspective would be most likely to focus on the interaction between a changing environmental context and a person who is producing changes in the environment.

systems

Compared to Bronfenbrenners model, the earlier theorists all generally believed that human development ________

takes place in a vacuum

As a human development researcher, Thuy prefers working with learning theories because she believes they are more ________ than other theories.

testable

Self-efficacy is best defined as

the belief that you can effectively accomplish a specific outcome

The basic premise of operant conditioning is that

the consequences that follow a behavior impact the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

As a strong believer in learning theory, Dr. Sanchez would be most likely to describe parents as _____ of their children.

trainers

What best describes the problem-solving approach of the concrete operational thinker?

trial and error

According to Piaget, children construct their own understanding of the world based on their experiences.

true

An important focus of systems theory is in understanding the behavior of individuals in their environment.

true

Negative punishment involves the removal of something pleasant that results in behavior decreasing in frequency.

true

Stage theorists tend to view parents as supporters of development, while learning theorists tend to view parents as supporters of behavior

true

Maya has recently given birth to a healthy baby boy, Jason. Whenever Jason cries, Maya goes to him, tries to figure out the reason for his crying, and then promptly does all she can to meet his needs. According to Eriksons theory, Jason is well on his way toward mastering the conflict of

trust versus mistrust

DeShaun prefers to focus his developmental research on things he can observe in a laboratory setting. He avoids conducting research into Freuds developmental theories because they are too ________

unconscious

A major criticism of Piagets theory is that it

underestimates the cognitive abilities of young children