Ch. 20

All of the following legislation was passed during Theodore Roosevelt's administration EXCEPT A. Interstate Commerce Act B. Pure Food and Drug Act C. Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act D. National Reclamation Act

A. Interstate Commerce Act

The first director of the National Forest Service was A. Gifford Pinchot. B. William Howard Taft. C. John Muir. D. Richard Ballinger.

A. Gifford Pinchot.

All of the following were progressive reformers from western states EXCEPT A. William Borah. B. George Norris. C. Hiram Johnson. D. Alfred E. Smith.

D. Alfred E. Smith.

While progressivism has many meanings, it tended to be based on the central assumption that A. American society was capable of improvement. B. Social Darwinism could create social order and stability. C. urbanization was harmful to the United States. D. the laissez-faire philosophy should be embraced in American politics. E. individual rights should be expanded as widely as possible.

A. American society was capable of improvement.

In regards to divorce in the United States during the progressive era, by 1916 A. the majority of divorces were initiated by men. B. more than ten percent of all marriages ended in divorce. C. the rate of divorce rate declined. D. nearly all states did not allow divorce. E. women began gaining the right to divorce in many states.

B. more than ten percent of all marriages ended in divorce.

In regards to race, during the progressive era A. many southern white reformers viewed racial segregation as being progressive. B. most white reformers paid little attention to racial issues. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

B. most white reformers paid little attention to racial issues.

The recall and direct primary were progressive era political reforms designed to weaken A. the federal government. B. political parties. C. state governors. D. state legislatures. E. the courts.

B. political parties.

In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts A. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. B. should be ended altogether. C. should exist only if they benefited the middle-class. D. had the right to be expanded.

B. should be ended altogether.

The Sierra Club was founded by A. Gifford Pinchot. B. Theodore Roosevelt. C. John Muir. D. Richard Ballinger.

C. John Muir.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the "Social Gospel" was A. a reform movement guided by the American Catholic Church. B. first described by Andrew Carnegie. C. an effort to make religious faith a tool of social reform. D. intended to offer spiritual, not material, assistance to the poor. E. a belief that God had chosen the rich to be rich and the poor to be poor.

C. an effort to make religious faith a tool of social reform.

During the progressive era, the woman suffrage movement A. failed to attract any meaningful support by men. B. had many supporters asserting that women should quit their roles as mothers and wives. C. became the single largest reform movement of the early twentieth century. D. resulted in a widespread breakdown of family stability.

C. became the single largest reform movement of the early twentieth century.

After the elections of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson A. held steady to his existing course of action. B. moved away from progressivism. C. began another round of progressive legislation. D. encouraged the United States to enter the war in Europe.

C. began another round of progressive legislation.

By the fall of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson A. decided to expand his progressive reform efforts. B. concluded he could not achieve meaningful reform of the economy. C. believed his reform program had largely been accomplished. D. had succeeded in breaking up most business trusts.

C. believed his reform program had largely been accomplished.

In the 1912 presidential election, the Socialist Party candidate A. received nearly one million votes. B. attracted considerable support from both urban immigrants and rural farmers. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

C. both A and B

During the progressive era, the acknowledged leader of American socialism was A. Lincoln Steffens. B. William Haywood. C. Florence Kelley. D. Eugene V. Debs. E. A. Mitchell Palmer.

D. Eugene V. Debs.

In the aftermath of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire in New York City, A. New York state banned factories from employing women under the age of sixteen. B. factories taller than ten stories could only use the upper floors as storage of materials. C. few true reforms of industry were made. D. strict regulations were imposed on factory owners. E. Tammany Democrats attempted to thwart the New York state commission examining the fire.

D. strict regulations were imposed on factory owners.

In 1904, Ida Tarbell published a highly critical study of A. the Carnegie Steel Company. B. child industrial labor. C. urban "boss rule." D. the Standard Oil trust. E. Congress.

D. the Standard Oil trust.

During the progressive era, W. E. B. Du Bois asserted all the following EXCEPT that A. Booker T. Washington's ideas were unnecessarily limiting to blacks. B. talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education. C. blacks should fight for immediate civil rights. D. the principal tool for gaining civil rights was to elect blacks to public office. E. blacks should aspire to the professions.

D. the principal tool for gaining civil rights was to elect blacks to public office.

The most distinctive quality of women in professions during the progressive era was A. that women did not dominate any single profession. B. that women could not attain advanced degrees from American universities. C. that women did not generally create their own professional organizations. D. they were concentrated in the "helping" professions.

D. they were concentrated in the "helping" professions.

During the progressive era, the "new woman" was a product of A. a lower birth rate. B. the movement to work outside the home. C. increased schooling for children. D. higher levels of education. E. All these answers are correct.

E. All these answers are correct.

In the years prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, A. a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women. B. many states gave full voting rights to women. C. New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California all granted women the right to vote. D. a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women, including New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California. E. All these answers are correct.

E. All these answers are correct.

During the progressive era, one of the first targets for political reformers was A. Congress. B. state governments. C. municipal governments. D. the judicial system. E. the federal bureaucracy.

C. municipal governments.

Prior to the adoption of the secret ballot, voter ballots were printed and distributed by A. the political parties. B. the federal government. C. private contractors. D. state governments. E. philanthropic organizations.

A. the political parties.

As president, Woodrow Wilson A. more tightly controlled his executive power than had Theodore Roosevelt. B. preferred to delegate the details of policy-making to others. C. had no close advisers. D. looked to congressional Democrats to provide national leadership.

A. more tightly controlled his executive power than had Theodore Roosevelt.

In 1910, in Osawatomie, Kansas, Theodore Roosevelt announced a set of political principles that called for A. greater activism by the federal government. B. limiting the authority of President William H. Taft. C. and end to legal racial discrimination. D. equal pay for male and female workers who performed the same jobs.

A. greater activism by the federal government.

During the progressive era, opponents of political reform included many members of all of the following EXCEPT A. the middle-class. B. the business community. C. the working-class. D. saloon owners.

A. the middle-class.

During the progressive era, the women's club movement A. had a national organization to coordinate club activities. B. consistently avoided controversial social reforms. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

A. had a national organization to coordinate club activities.

In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of A. medicine. B. business. C. education. D. agriculture. E. law.

A. medicine.

During the early twentieth century, the Industrial Workers of the World A. advocated a single union for all workers. B. was dominated by anarchists. C. emphasized education for the working class. D. rejected the economic principles of both capitalism and Marxism. E. was a more violent organization than the public recognized at the time.

A. advocated a single union for all workers.

The 1916 Keating-Owen Act was the first federal law regulating A. child labor. B. industrial safety. C. tenant agriculture. D. the garment industry.

A. child labor.

The Federal Reserve Act A. created a new type of paper currency. B. helped to reduce loans to private banks. C. was designed to push troubled banks out of business. D. was regulated by a board whose members were elected by Congress.

A. created a new type of paper currency.

At the turn of the twentieth century, the leaders of the settlement house movement A. directed their attention at the living conditions in cities. B. often expressed moral disapproval of the behavior of immigrants. C. thought immigrants should retain significant parts of their cultures as they assimilated. D. were generally first-generation immigrants who helped second-generation immigrants.

A. directed their attention at the living conditions in cities.

In the election of 1904, Theodore Roosevelt A. easily won his party nomination and the general election. B. endured a bitter fight to win his party's nomination. C. faced a progressive reformer as his Democratic challenger. D. narrowly defeated William Jennings Bryan.

A. easily won his party nomination and the general election.

Between 1914 and 1919, the temperance movement A. gained momentum as a result of World War I. B. was opposed by most conservative Christians. C. saw the Women's Christian Temperance Union peak at 125,000 members. D. resulted in the unanimous passage by states of the Eighteenth Amendment. E. gained the support of most Catholic immigrants. A. gained momentum as a result of World War I.

A. gained momentum as a result of World War I.

In 1913, as a result of the Sixteenth Amendment, Congress A. passed a graduated income tax. B. decided to inflate the currency. C. increased business regulatory fees. D. raised excise taxes.

A. passed a graduated income tax.

During the progressive era, political "interest groups" A. rose to replace the declining power centers of the parties. B. were attacked by progressive reformers. C. gradually became less powerful as time went on. D. were attacked by progressive reformers and gradually became less powerful as time went on. E. All these answers are correct.

A. rose to replace the declining power centers of the parties.

During the progressive era, significant voting rights for women were first won in A. the Far West. B. the South. C. the Northeast. D. the Midwest.

A. the Far West.

In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt ran for president, in part, because A. the Taft administration implied Roosevelt had acted improperly as president. B. he was concerned that Robert La Follette was likely to win if he did oppose him. C. President William H. Taft announced he would not seek reelection. D. many conservative Republicans asked him to seek the nomination of the party.

A. the Taft administration implied Roosevelt had acted improperly as president.

The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution dealt with A. the electoral college. B. woman suffrage. C. the direct election of senators. D. personal income tax.

A. the electoral college.

For western states during the progressive era, the major target for political reformers was A. the federal government. B. state governments. C. municipal governments. D. the judicial system.

A. the federal government.

World War I hurt the socialist movement in the United States because A. the war generated anti-radical feelings in the country. B. the Socialist Party supported Germany. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

A. the war generated anti-radical feelings in the country.

The term "Boston marriage" refers to A. two women who lived together. B. an unmarried man and woman who lived together. C. the marriage of a woman who had become pregnant. D. a married man with a mistress. E. a marriage lasting less than two years.

A. two women who lived together.

In the election of 1908, William Howard Taft A. was hand-picked by Theodore Roosevelt to succeed him. B. narrowly defeated his opponent, William Jennings Bryan. C. was opposed by progressives and conservatives. D. had a public image very much like Theodore Roosevelt.

A. was hand-picked by Theodore Roosevelt to succeed him.

The Women's Christian Temperance Union A. was, at one time, the largest women's organization in American history. B. called for an end to saloons, not for a full prohibition on alcoholic beverages. C. was later replaced by the Anti-Saloon League. D. was headed by a male president. E. was founded during the progressive era.

A. was, at one time, the largest women's organization in American history.

In 1909, a controversy involving Richard Ballinger and Gifford Pinchot saw A. President William H. Taft fire Ballinger due a conflict of interest. B. President William H. Taft fire Pinchot for insubordination. C. conservative Republicans turn against President Taft. D. progressives come to oppose Pinchot.

B. President William H. Taft fire Pinchot for insubordination.

Which statement regarding the controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? A. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. B. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. C. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. D. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.

B. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy.

As an environmental conservationist, President Theodore Roosevelt A. opposed hunting on all federal lands. B. added extensive areas of land to the national forest system. C. opposed new dam construction on major rivers. D. all of the above

B. added extensive areas of land to the national forest system.

Regarding organizing the professions during the progressive era, A. most professions attempted to expand the ranks of Americans in their fields. B. by 1916 all states had established professional bar associations. C. the medical field remained largely unorganized. D. there was little organized activity in rural America. E. state and local governments generally impeded attempts to professionalize.

B. by 1916 all states had established professional bar associations.

During the progressive era, the power of the political parties A. declined, while voter turnout increased. B. declined, as did voter turnout. C. increased, as did voter turnout. D. increased, while voter turnout declined. E. stayed basically the same, as did voter turnout.

B. declined, as did voter turnout.

During the progressive era, clubs for African American women A. differed sharply from white women's clubs in their structure. B. frequently embraced controversial issues. C. were limited to urban industrial cities. D. did not exist in the South.

B. frequently embraced controversial issues.

During the progressive era, the Socialist Party of America A. grew weaker. B. grew stronger. C. renamed itself the Progressive Party. D. virtually disappeared. E. continued as it had in the past.

B. grew stronger.

During the progressive era, reformers of city government frequently tried to A. require city council members to run by district rather than at-large. B. hire professionally trained business managers or engineers as city managers. C. make all city government positions appointive. D. strengthen the power of city councils at the expense of mayors. E. move city elections to presidential years in order to increase turnout.

B. hire professionally trained business managers or engineers as city managers.

In regards to his political ideology, Theodore Roosevelt was A. a strong isolationist. B. in many respects, decidedly conservative. C. a champion of a government-controlled economy. D. an opponent of environmental preservation.

B. in many respects, decidedly conservative.

In his 1899 book, A Theory of the Leisure Class, Thorstein Veblen argued A. only the wealthy leisure class had adequate time and money to help the needy. B. modern societies should rely on a handful of experts to solve their social problems. C. true social reform would only occur if the nation's wealth were redistributed. D. the leaders of corporations were the natural choice to create social reform. E. the philanthropy of industrial tycoons had subverted the natural workings of society.

B. modern societies should rely on a handful of experts to solve their social problems.

At the turn of the twentieth century, Lincoln Steffens wrote extensively of the need to reform A. the "yellow press." B. urban politics. C. the railroad corporations. D. the meatpacking industry. E. the federal bureaucracy.

B. urban politics.

During President Woodrow Wilson's first term, Colonel Edward House A. was Secretary of State. B. was one of Wilson's closest advisors. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

B. was one of Wilson's closest advisors.

The temperance crusade A. first began to take shape during the progressive era. B. was supported by most business employers. C. sought to curb prostitution. D. found its greatest support among immigrants.

B. was supported by most business employers.

When he assumed the presidency in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt A. had no previous political experience. B. was the youngest American ever to hold that office. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

B. was the youngest American ever to hold that office.

The 1912 presidential election was an ideological contest between A. conservatives and reformers. B. different types of progressivism. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

C. both A and B

When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt A. helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. B. was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

C. both A and B

During the progressive era, supporters of woman suffrage argued that female voters A. would end future political scandals. B. would ensure fair elections. C. deserved the vote because of their unique traits as women. D. were unlikely ever to vote for a woman running for national office. E. would help to defeat the growing movement for temperance.

C. deserved the vote because of their unique traits as women.

At the turn of the twentieth century, leaders in the settlement house movement tended to be A. first-generation immigrants. B. from the lower class. C. female. D. Catholic. E. uneducated.

C. female.

During Theodore Roosevelt's first three years as president A. he was a champion of labor unions. B. he made the breaking up of business combinations his highest priority. C. he believed that public opinion alone would eliminate most corporate abuses. D. his primary accomplishment was to reform the meatpacking industry. `

C. he believed that public opinion alone would eliminate most corporate abuses.

In 1908, Theodore Roosevelt did not run for another term as president because A. the constitution prevented him from doing so. B. he had lost much of his public popularity. C. in 1904 he had promised not to run again. D. he was denied the nomination of his party.

C. in 1904 he had promised not to run again.

Herbert Croly argued in his 1909 book, The Promise of American Life, A. the economic consolidation in the United States had to be ended. B. large concentrations of power were positive economic factors in the long run. C. it was important that the federal government was led by a strong president. D. economic trusts were, by their nature "bad."

C. it was important that the federal government was led by a strong president.

A major reason progressive political reforms, such as the direct primary, were quickly embraced in the western states was A. democracy and the rights of individuals were more deeply felt on the old frontier. B. the federal government exerted great power there promoting such reforms. C. political parties were weak in this region. D. women had, early on, won the right to vote in many western states.

C. political parties were weak in this region.

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909 A. fulfilled a campaign promise President William H. Taft had made to Theodore Roosevelt. B. sharply lowered tariffs. C. resulted in President William H. Taft losing favor with progressives. D. resulted in a sudden decline in the national economy.

C. resulted in President William H. Taft losing favor with progressives.

Regarding women and the professions during the progressive era, A. almost no women were able to have professional careers. B. the majority of professional women were nurses. C. social work was generally thought to be an appropriate career for women. D. educated black women were barred from all professional opportunities. E. women were forced out of nursing as the occupation gained distinction.

C. social work was generally thought to be an appropriate career for women.

The Supreme Court, in two rulings related to the 1916 Keating-Owen Act, A. demonstrated its support for President Wilson's political agenda. B. validated an expansion of Congressional authority. C. struck down reform legislation. D. displayed support for using federal authority to create social change.

C. struck down reform legislation.

The 1913 Underwood-Simmons Tariff A. represented a political setback for President Wilson. B. reduced foreign competition in the United States' domestic markets. C. was intended to weaken the power of business trusts. D. had little economic impact on the nation.

C. was intended to weaken the power of business trusts.

In 1913, a major reform of American banking was achieved with the creation of the A. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. B. Economy Act. C. Federal Securities Act. D. Federal Reserve Act.

D. Federal Reserve Act.

In the presidential campaign of 1912, A. President William H. Taft won all of the Republican presidential primaries. B. President William H. Taft won renomination after a bitter fight at the convention. C. Theodore Roosevelt eventually threw his support to Woodrow Wilson. D. Theodore Roosevelt ran on a third-party ticket.

D. Theodore Roosevelt ran on a third-party ticket.

In the 1902 strike by the United Mine Workers, President Theodore Roosevelt A. sided with the miners. B. sided with the mine owners. C. ordered in federal troops to keep the peace. D. ordered federal arbitration.

D. ordered federal arbitration.

In the 1912 presidential election results A. President William H. Taft came in last of the four major candidates. B. Theodore Roosevelt won the popular vote but lost the electoral college. C. Eugene Debs offered his electoral votes to Theodore Roosevelt. D. Woodrow Wilson won only a plurality of the popular vote.

D. Woodrow Wilson won only a plurality of the popular vote.

Regarding the immigrant population in the United States, progressive reformers A. supported limiting the number of new arrivals. B. favored quickly assimilating new arrivals into American society. C. argued that the growing immigration population had created social problems. D. both supported limiting the number of new arrivals, and argued that the growing immigration population had created social problems. E. All these answers are correct.

D. both supported limiting the number of new arrivals, and argued that the growing immigration population had created social problems.

The Federal Trade Commission Act A. defined the standard for "unfair trade practices." B. helped businesses increase their trade markets. C. failed to give the government new powers to investigate corporate behavior. D. determined whether business practices were acceptable to the government.

D. determined whether business practices were acceptable to the government.

Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel, The Jungle encouraged the federal government to regulate the A. railroad industry. B. steel industry. C. housing industry. D. meatpacking industry.

D. meatpacking industry.

As president, William Howard Taft A. angered many conservatives with his activism. B. generally pleased progressives. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

D. neither A nor B

During the progressive era, clubwomen generally A. raised many challenges to the existing male-dominated order. B. regarded marriage as an exploitive institution. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

D. neither A nor B

In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson A. supported the woman suffrage movement. B. opposed racial segregation in federal agencies. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

D. neither A nor B

In 1916, Alice Paul and the National Women's Party A. argued that the Nineteenth Amendment would protect women's rights. B. accepted the "separate sphere" argument for the vote for women. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

D. neither A nor B

The Panic of 1907 was caused by A. the collapse of the United States Steel corporation. B. the economic policies of President Theodore Roosevelt. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

D. neither A nor B

When Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency in 1901 A. he was relatively unknown within the Republican Party. B. Republicans-party leaders were confident they could control him. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

D. neither A nor B

The settlement house movement of the early twentieth century helped spawn the profession of A. charitable foundations. B. community service. C. psychological therapy. D. social work.

D. social work.

The initiative and referendum were progressive-era political reforms designed to weaken the power of A. the federal government. B. political parties. C. state governors. D. state legislatures. E. the courts.

D. state legislatures.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People A. was an exclusively black organization. B. was a competitor organization to the Niagara Movement. C. tried to defend Booker T. Washington's ideas from W. E. B. Du Bois's attacks. D. was both an exclusively black organization and a competitor organization to the Niagara Movement. E. None of these answers is correct.

D. was both an exclusively black organization and a competitor organization to the Niagara Movement.

At the turn of the twentieth century, progressive activists A. believed in limited government intervention in the lives of Americans. B. asserted that it was the right of individuals to act as they chose. C. held a strong commitment to improved racial justice. D. were "antimonopoly" and feared concentrated power.

D. were "antimonopoly" and feared concentrated power.

The term "muckrakers" referred to A. western progressives. B. Social Darwinists. C. socialists. D. critics of imperialism. E. journalists.

E. journalists.

In the early twentieth century, the theory of eugenics A. contended that inequalities between humans were rooted in education. B. aimed to subvert and oppose the rising tide of nativism. C. were exposed by a federal commission as a fraudulent science. D. asserted that the root of many urban problems was overcrowded cities. E. supported the restriction of immigration by nationality.

E. supported the restriction of immigration by nationality.

As governor of Wisconsin, the progressive reformer Robert La Follette helped win approval for A. campaign finance reform. B. mandatory health insurance. C. a repeal of the income tax. D. employee profit sharing in large corporations. E. the direct primary, initiative, and referendum.

E. the direct primary, initiative, and referendum.