ch 21
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? Hint E.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: a decrease in cardiac output vasodilation of arterioles an increase in heart contractility a decrease in heart rate
d
ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for ANSWER: hypertension. a heart attack. prolonged exercise. a serious hemorrhage. a heavy meal.
d
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the ANSWER: arteries. capillaries. arterioles. venules. veins.
d
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by: ANSWER: hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall osmosis of water large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma a greater salt concentration in blood cells
d
Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except ANSWER: increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. stimulation of the heart by epinephrine. decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. increased blood concentration of glucose. increased venous return.
d
Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased ANSWER: blood volume. sodium ion levels in blood. blood pressure. salt and water loss through the kidneys. venous return and preload.
d
In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has ANSWER: the same amount of pressure as resistance. less resistance to blood flow. a greater blood flow. a greater resistance to blood flow. a higher blood pressure.
d
Resistance is a force that ANSWER: never changes in a blood vessel. acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel. is always higher than blood pressure. decreases blood flow. increases blood flow.
d
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? Hint D.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: a decrease in cardiac output vasodilation of arteries a decrease in blood pressure an increase in heart rate and contractility
d
Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue? ANSWER: external elastic membrane tunica externa internal elastic membrane tunica media tunica intima
d
Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries? ANSWER: increased tissue hydrostatic pressure decreased plasma albumen increased blood hydrostatic pressure both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure increased plasma albumen
d
Blood pressure is lowest in the ANSWER: arterioles. venules. arteries. capillaries. veins.
e
Edema may occur when ANSWER: the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. blood pressure is high. endothelial permeability goes up. capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. All of the answers are correct.
e
Turbulent blood flow occurs ANSWER: when blood pressure is excessively high. at high flow rates. when there are irregularities in the vessel wall. when there are sudden changes in vessel diameter. All of the answers are correct.
e
Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits ANSWER: increased body stores of sodium ion. polycythemia. decreased blood volume. increased blood pressure. both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.
e
Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel? ANSWER: artery vein capillary venule arteriole
e
Which of the following affects blood flow through the body? ANSWER: vessel diameter vascular resistance turbulence blood viscosity All of the answers are correct.
e
Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood? ANSWER: arteries pulmonary arteries capillaries systemic arterioles veins
e
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because: ANSWER: starvation in children results in a protein deficiency and the liver cannot produce enough protein to maintain BCOP the question statement is false, BCOP actually increases in starving children starvation increases the permeability of capillaries causing a decrease in BCOP malnourished children do not exercise, which results in a decrease in BCOP starvation increases blood pressure which, in turn, decreases BCOP
a
Blood pressure is determined by ANSWER: estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff. measuring the size of the pulse. estimating the degree of turbulence in a partly closed vessel. measuring the force of contraction of the left ventricle. listening carefully to the pulse.
a
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. Hint A.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: blood pressure proteins in the blood
a
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? Hint F.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: venous arterial
a
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. ANSWER: pulse mean arterial circulatory critical closing blood
a
What structure do RBCs move through single file? ANSWER: capillary vein venule artery arteriole
a
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? Hint A.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: carotid sinus and aortic arch cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
a
Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart? ANSWER: vascular resistance muscular pumps squeeze veins and move blood toward the heart blood pressure peripheral veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood blood press
a
Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except ANSWER: valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood. pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein. the respiratory pump. the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. muscular compression.
b
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called ANSWER: fenestrated capillaries. continuous capillaries. sinusoidal capillaries. vasa vasorum. sinusoids.
b
Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except ANSWER: decreased peripheral resistance. release of renin. increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). decrease in blood volume. decreased levels of aldosterone.
b
If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be ANSWER: four times greater. doubled. 1/4 as much. unchanged. halved.
b
Metabolites exchange by diffusion with tissue cells in which of the following locations? ANSWER: vein capillary venule arteriole artery
b
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________. Hint D.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: blood pressure proteins in the blood
b
The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the ANSWER: veins. arterioles. arteries. capillaries. venules.
b
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. Hint B.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: interstitial fluid; capillary capillary; interstitial fluid
b
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the ANSWER: blood viscosity. osmolarity of interstitial fluids. blood vessel diameter. length of a blood vessel. turbulence.
b
When carotid and aortic baroreceptors slow their discharge, ANSWER: the heart rate will decrease to lower blood pressure. both heart rate and stroke volume increase. stroke volume increases. heart rate decreases. heart rate increases.
b
When renin is released from the kidney, ANSWER: blood pressure goes down. angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I. angiotensin I increases salt reabsorption at the kidneys. blood flow to the kidneys decreases. angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II.
b
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? Hint E.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: net hydrostatic pressure net osmotic pressure
b
Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel? ANSWER: tunica externa tunica intima tunica media external elastic membrane internal elastic membran
b
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? Hint C.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
b
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? Hint C.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: 1 mm Hg 34 mm Hg 12 mm Hg Correct
c
In the condition known as ________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and stiffer.
arteriosclerosis
Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except ANSWER: increased levels of angiotensin II. increased blood volume. increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). increased levels of aldosterone. increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone).
c
Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following, except ANSWER: increased thirst and water intake. activation of ADH secretion. inhibition of EPO secretion. uptake of interstitial fluid due to reduced capillary pressure. activation of aldosterone secretion.
c
If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? Hint B.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity increased PNS and SNS activity increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
c
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased ANSWER: cardiac output. heart rate. parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. sympathetic stimulation of the heart. blood flow to the lungs.
c
Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the: ANSWER: muscular arteries liver lymphatic system venules hepatic portal vein
c
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the ANSWER: concentration of plasma glucose. concentration of plasma waste products. concentration of plasma proteins. number of red blood cells. concentration of plasma sodium ions.
c
What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply? ANSWER: venule artery vein capillary arteriole
c
Which of the following lumen diameters would be typical of a muscular artery? ANSWER: 1.0 cm 0.4 mm 0.4 cm 1.5 cm 0.2 mm
c