CH 3 4 5 ENVIRO

A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species' response to natural selection? A) There will be less genetic variation from recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change. B) The species will compensate for loss of genetic variation by hybridizing with other species. C) There will be more deaths from natural selection because there is no mutation. D) There will be fewer deaths from natural selection because sexual recombination always leads to extinction. E) The species will increase in numbers because genetic variation is increased.

A

A type I survivorship curve, with higher death rates at older ages, is typical of ________. A) large mammals such as gorillas B) large open-water ocean fish, such as tuna C) large reptiles such as alligatorsD) dandelions E) redwood trees

A

According to the figure, which of the following is true? A) Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles. B) Lampreys have lungs. C) Sharks possess a swim bladder. D) Amphibians have a skull with two openings. E) Being reptiles, turtles, snakes, and crocodiles are more closely related to each other than they are to any other animals.

A

Blight fungus kills U.S. chestnut trees because the trees ________. A) have not coevolved with the fungus B) have not matured long enough to surviveC) release the fungus in the leaves that fall to the ground and the fungus is absorbed in the soil D) release the fungus into the soil and it is drawn up in the roots E) are hosts to the vectors of the fungus

A

Cap-and-trade is a system that ________. A) permits industries that pollute at levels below the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute at levels above the cap B) allows industries to set their own levels for pollution emission so trading can continue C) has been repealed by Congress as useless in diminishing pollution D) rapidly brings pollution emissions to near zero for participating industries E) specifies a certain cap on industrial pollutants that can be traded to other nations

A

Each branch in the figure results from ________. A) a speciation event B) a mutationC) migration to a new habitat D) habitat selection E) extinction of a parent species

A

Global climate change may produce major shifts in biomes because ________. A) mean temperature and precipitation will change B) many species may become extinctC) food web dynamics will changeD) biodiversity and day length will change E) soil chemistry, pH of precipitation, and the frequency of invasive species will change

A

Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community. A) coevolution B) secondary succession C) extirpation D) climax E) primary succession

A

Humans have dramatically altered the rate of nitrogen fixation into forms usable by autotrophs ________. A) by producing synthetic fertilizers and applying them to crops, lawns, and parks B) by selectively removing leguminous plants C) because of the erosion of farmlands through poor agricultural practices D) by using antibiotics to reduce the numbers of denitrifying bacteria E) due to the burning of fossil fuels to meet our energy needs

A

Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource would be an example of ________. A) intraspecific competition B) competitive exclusion C) symbiosisD) resource partitioning E) interspecific competition

A

Kelp ________. A) suffers intense herbivory from sea urchins B) is pollinated by sea urchins C) is eaten by sea ottersD) is eaten by orcas E) suffers intense herbivory from zebra mussels

A

Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ________ association. A) symbiotic B) homeopathic C) parasiticD) benthic E) allelopathic

A

Secondary succession ________. A) occurs after a fire or flood B) occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscapeC) is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community D) typically begins with lichen or moss colonizing rock E) requires primary succession to precede it

A

The eutrophication that has taken place in Chesapeake Bay, the Gulf of Mexico, and other locations appears to be due to ________. A) excess nutrients from fertilizers B) pesticide use along the waterways C) global warming from human use of fossil fuels D) heavy metals dumped in the sewage E) weather alone, because it is only obvious in the summer

A

This graph helps to explain ________. A) why we need to be concerned with damage to rainforests and coral reefs B) why the open ocean is so productiveC) the importance of desertsD) why tundra has such high net primary productivity of biomass

A

When the rains came down on the rocky mountainsides, the water ran down into the grasslands where the prairie dogs were active and ________. A) quickly soaked into the loose soil, watering the grasses B) quickly ran off the loose soil, eroding the soil C) quickly evaporated, drying the loose soil D) gathered atop the loose soil, forming large muddy spots E) formed ponds

A

Which of the following is a biotic factor? A) bacteria B) temperatureC) carbon and nitrogen levels D) sunlight E) rainfall

A

Which of the following is true? A) Species on Earth today are but a fraction of all species that ever lived. B) Most organisms present early in Earth's prehistory were more complex than modern organisms. C) The number of species existing at one time has decreased throughout history. D) Bacteria represent a newer form of life, not present during the early prehistory of Earth. E) Until recent history, extinctions have always happened gradually and on a small scale.

A

Which terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity? A) tropical rainforest B) temperate rainforest C) prairieD) boreal forest E) temperate deciduous forest

A

A coyote can alter its diet to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, and would therefore be considered ________. A) a specialist, able to specialize on whatever is available at the time B) a generalist, able to be flexible C) an endemic, able to be flexibleD) density independent and resource-neutral E) an organism with a type II survivorship curve

B

An ecosystem ________. A) is the total population of a specific kind of plant, animal, or microbe and all members of which do or potentially can interbreed and produce young B) encompasses all the organisms and the physical and chemical environment within an area C) is a collection of interacting species living in a specific area D) is a regional grouping of plants, animals, and other biotic factors E) is a grouping of plants and animals that interacts with one another in a way that causes the grouping to die

B

An example of a density-independent factor would be ________. A) blight (a mold disease) in a wheat field B) record cold temperatures that kill subtropical plants in northern Florida C) wolves that prey on elk in Yellowstone National ParkD) a specialist searching for the one species of plant that is its food E) suitable nest sites for a flock of Kirtland's warblers

B

By damming rivers, we are ________. A) increasing transpiration while decreasing evaporation B) increasing evaporation C) decreasing evaporation D) decreasing transpiration E) increasing transportation

B

By definition, parasites ________ their host. A) kill B) get nourishment from and harm C) never killD) are much smaller than E) live on the external surface of

B

Compared to a region of equal area all at the same altitude, the area shown in the diagram ________. A) supports more invasive exotic speciesB) has much higher biodiversity and niche structure C) displays much less climatic variation D) has much lower biodiversity E) has mostly generalist endemic species

B

Density-dependent factors ________. A) include the effects of a hard freeze on an entire community B) include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community C) cause decreases in the number of species in an ecosystemD) include the effects of a hard freeze on a single species within a community E) include the effects of rainfall on an entire community

B

Ecological modeling ________. A) has been rejected because it requires the dismantling and dissecting of a functioning ecosystem B) involves constructing and testing simplified representations of ecological systems C) is a form of ecosystem restoration D) is used by evolutionary biologist to predict future evolutionary events E) has so far proven useless in predicting ecological events

B

Ecotones are the ________. A) studies of specific biomes by ecologists B) transitional zones between ecosystems C) areas between territories of organisms D) interactive behaviors leading to communication E) sounds that animal communities make in ecosystems

B

Extinction is ________. A) proceeding more slowly now than at any other time B) a natural processC) the loss of communities from the planet D) always caused by human disturbance E) something that occurs only rarely

B

Flying squirrels competing with each other for truffles is an example of ________. A) interference competition B) intraspecific competition C) exploitation competition D) interspecific competition E) habitat competition

B

In a previous chapter you read about "keystone species." How do the prairie dogs in this story meet the definition of a keystone species? A) Their burrows caused cattle to break their legs and die. This made them directly responsible for the welfare of another species, which meets the definition of a keystone species. B) Their burrows loosened the soil and served as homes for other species; they helped with nutrient recycling. They helped water infiltrate into the soil and kept soil loose for grass roots. When they were removed, the system deteriorated. C) When the prairie dogs were removed, the cattle declined; this meets the definition of a keystone species. D) They don't meet the definition of a keystone species; the system did fine without them. The predators turned to cattle, and the grasses did better in the compact soil. E) The availability of prairie dogs kept the predators in check; when they were removed, the predator populations grew dramatically. They kept the soil aerated and compact.

B

In some areas, cattle on an open range may compact fragile soils while grazing. This can damage plant roots, leading to fewer, smaller plants, which may in turn cause cattle to graze more andwork harder to obtain food. This is an example of a ________. A) negative feedback loop B) positive feedback loop C) food web D) dynamic equilibrium E) homeostatic system

B

In the early years of the 20th century there were lush stands of tall grasses in the valley on the east side of the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona, stretching to Mexico on the south and New Mexico on the east. Dramatic summer rainstorms dumped huge amounts of water, very quickly, on the rocky upper slopes. The water ran down the slopes and into the grasslands, where it quickly soaked into the soft, porous soil where prairie dogs were active. Cattle ranching was in full swing, utilizing the rich grasses, but the ranchers did not appreciate the multitudes of prairie dogs that lived in the grasslands. Prairie dogs constantly dig through soil, making new burrows and eating grasses, roots and all. It was commonly believed that cattle would stumble in the prairie dog holes, break legs, and die of starvation. In addition, many ranchers were convinced that the prairie dogs would destroy the grasses because they directly competed with the cattle for food. The ranchers had already done away with most predators that might possibly affect cattle, and now they turned their attention to the prairie dogs. The ranchers became a part of a new federally sponsored movement to poison the grassland prairie dogs. This movement took root and spread through the 1920s and 1930s. Prairie dog activities probably contribute to ________. A) the soil being loose and to little nutrient cycling, causing grasses to fall over B) the soil being loose and to nutrient cycling, allowing new grass roots to grow and prosper C) the soil hardening during rains and to little nutrient cycling, causing grasses to die D) the localized extinction of prairie grasses E) the grass roots being subject to diseases

B

In the rain shadow effect, ________. A) the wet region is determined by the location of jet stream B) the dry region is on the leeward side of a mountain C) the dry region is on the windward side of a mountain D) rainfall varies, but always falls in shadow areas E) rainfall fluctuates, arriving in equal amounts on both sides

B

Populations in which the probability of dying is constant at every age exemplify ________. A) type I survivorship B) type II survivorship C) type III survivorship D) natural selection E) arithmetic growth

B

Techniques to eradicate zebra mussels ________. A) are relatively simple and inexpensive B) include introducing predators and diseases C) are global and long-livedD) are relatively simple E) have not yet been attempted

B

Temperature remains relatively stable through the seasons in what biome? A) temperate grassland B) tropical rainforest C) chaparralD) boreal forest E) temperate deciduous forest

B

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________. A) altered the amount of chemicals allowed in water as a result of industrial pollution B) required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government C) was signed into law by Bill Clinton D) requires compensation to be given to anyone harmed by deliberate pollution from any business or corporate entity E) put all federal land under stringent environmental protection

B

The first essential step in changing atmospheric nitrogen into more usable NH 3 is called ________. A) denitrification B) N-fixation C) biogeochemical cycling D) ammonification E) nitrification

B

The initial population of Kaibab deer in 1906 was about 4000. In an area of about 800,000 acres, this works out to an average density of one deer per 200 acres. What is the density in 1923? A) one deer per 500 acres B) one deer per 8 acres C) one deer per 80 acres D) one deer per 0.8 acre E) one deer per 20 acres

B

The largest pool of carbon in the carbon cycle is ________. A) the hydrosphere B) sedimentary rock C) the ocean D) the atmosphere E) in plants and animals

B

The statement, "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," refers to the fact that ________ change(s) with altitude and latitude. A) oxygen levels B) vegetation C) levels of industrial air pollutants D) human population density E) carbon dioxide levels

B

Which of the following are the major factors that determine a population's growth rate? A) immigration, climate, emigration, biotic potential B) birth rate, death rate, emigration, immigrationC) adaptation, competition, birth rate, emigrationD) survivorship, natural selection, mutation, extinction E) limiting factors, carrying capacity, mutation rate, inbreeding

B

Which of the following is most likely to be found in the biome at the bottom (left) of this figure? A) bison B) rattlesnakes C) giraffesD) polar bears E) frogs

B

Which of the following is true about top predators? A) Their removal increases biodiversity. B) They are often keystone species. C) They are likely to be producers. D) They include bacteria and fungi. E) They are likely to be herbivores.

B

Which of the following would be most vulnerable to extinction? A) a mold that attacks wheat in the field B) an orchid endemic to a forest where logging is occurring C) a moth, brought to the United States for silk production, escaping into the wild and becoming established D) a migratory flock of warblers stopping along its winter route to feed on local resources that are now gone and replaced by a suburb E) a healthy plant, such as a pine tree, that completely dominates its native environment

B

Zooplankton populations in Lake Erie and the Hudson River have declined by up to 70% or more since the arrival of zebra mussels because ________. A) zebra mussels carry a parasite that kills zooplankton B) zebra mussels prey on zooplankton C) waste from zebra mussels promotes bacterial growth that kills zooplankton D) zebra mussels block sunlight penetration into lakes and thus prevent zooplankton from photosynthesizing E) zebra mussels feed on cyanobacteria, which zooplankton need as a food source

B

________ is any network of relationships among a group of components, which interact with and influence one another through the exchange of energy, matter, or information. A) An interchange B) A system C) An environmental collaboration D) Hierarchy E) An ecosystem

B

A population is ________. A) a group of individuals of several interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems B) a group of cells that have similar functionC) a group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area D) the sum of all individuals of a species in all locations E) a group of individuals of several interacting species that live in one area

C

An S-shaped population growth curve best describes ________. A) unlimited growth B) rapid and steady rate growthC) logistic growthD) slow and constantly changing growth E) exponential growth

C

Aquifers are ________. A) natural ponds and lakes B) recharge lakes at water quality facilities C) underground water reservoirs D) oceans E) the result of transpiration

C

Benthic organisms in the Great Lakes ________. A) live near the water's surface B) include phytoplanktonC) benefit from the presence of zebra mussels D) include zebra mussels E) are harmed by the presence of zebra mussels

C

Decisions rendered by the courts make up a body of law known as ________. A) mandatory law B) statutory law C) case law D) environmental law E) utilitarian law

C

Desert and tundra both ________. A) lack insects B) have wide temperature variations throughout the year C) have relatively low precipitationD) have lithosols E) lack shrubs

C

Ecological modeling can help us ________ ecosystem services. A) create many new B) control the growth of C) understand D) replace destroyed E) decrease the cost of maintaining

C

Grazing animals such as deer are ________. A) decomposers B) producersC) primary consumers D) detritivores E) secondary consumers

C

Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, ________. A) have escaped from the processes of natural selection and adaptation B) show the initial stages of the extinction processC) are K-selectedD) are not subject to density-dependent limiting factors E) are r-selected

C

In an aquatic ecosystem experiencing eutrophication, levels of dissolved macronutrients ________ and dissolved oxygen levels ________. A) increase; increase B) decrease; decrease C) increase; decease D) remain stable; increase E) decrease; increase

C

Intense hurricanes resulting from global warming can directly lead to ________ within communities. A) coevolution B) climax C) secondary succession D) primary succession E) facilitation

C

Macronutrients ________. A) are the only nutrients that can be tracked in nutrient cycles B) are what large predators eat C) are required in large amounts for organisms to survive D) can only be taken up by plants from rock cycles E) are large molecules necessary for making macromolecules

C

Mutualistic relationships between bacteria and certain root nodules play an important role in the global cycling of ________. A) rock B) water C) nitrogen D) phosphorus E) carbon

C

Population distribution describes ________. A) the placement of a species within a country's boundaries B) the spatial arrangement of multiple species within a particular area C) the spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem D) how near or far away individuals in a population are from a resource, such as water E) the placement of a species around the globe

C

Recall that areas with high net primary productivity not only produce high levels of biomass 2) rapidly, they also take up large amounts of CO2 and give off large amounts of oxygen. What is the likely result of the increasing amounts of fertilizers in the major rivers emptying into oceans? A) Eutrophication, followed by hypoxia, is a likely result, ultimately leading to less CO2 uptake and more oxygen released. B) Productivity in these areas will increase permanently, leading to more CO 2 uptake and more oxygen released. C) Eutrophication, followed by hypoxia, is a likely result, ultimately leading to less CO2 uptake and less oxygen released. D) Eutrophication, followed by hypoxia, is a likely result, ultimately leading to more CO2uptake and more oxygen released. E) Fisheries will improve as the extra nutrients feed shellfish and fish.

C

Taiga and tundra both ________. A) lack trees B) have many burrowing rodentsC) have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year D) lack many birds E) are found in the southeastern United States

C

The Everglades restoration project in Florida ________. A) will result in serious depletion of drinking water supplies for humans in south Florida B) seeks to exterminate numerous invasive fish species and plants C) will restore natural levels of water flow by undoing numerous damming and drainage projects D) will probably destroy much of the commercial fishing in the area E) is a short-term restoration project with a two-year implementation plan

C

The biosphere consists of the ________. A) air surrounding our planet, plus the water we drink B) saltwater and fresh water in surface bodies and the atmosphere C) sum of all the planet's living organisms and the abiotic portions of the environment with which they interact D) solid earth beneath our feet, plus the air we breathe E) abiotic portions of the environment

C

The majority of Earth's fresh water exists ________. A) in the atmosphere B) in freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers C) in the form of ice D) in the oceans E) in groundwater

C

The removal of the livestock and predators, and the cessation of hunting in 1907 ________. A) increased r, allowing more births among Kaibab deer B) decreased the carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer C) increased the carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer D) decreased r, allowing more births among Kaibab deer E) removed the limits on immigration, allowing more deer into the area

C

What is the key mechanism maintaining genetic variation in most populations? A) inbreeding B) asexual reproduction C) sexual reproduction D) mutation E) biotechnology

C

Which of the following is an example of greenwashing? A) covering up environmental injustices B) using biodegradable paints C) creating the illusion of green or sustainable practices D) discounting future effects E) ecolabeling

C

Which of the following would best represent a clumped population distribution pattern? A) oaks planted on city streets B) earthworms in the soil of a gardenC) a pod of 40 migrating gray whales in the Bering Sea D) eagles nesting in the tallest trees in the Grand Canyon E) pine trees within a pine plantation

C

_______ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars. A) Secondary consumers B) Detritivores C) ProducersD) Heterotrophs E) Primary consumers

C

A climax community ________. A) describes terrestrial biomes B) describes aquatic biomesC) has the lowest biodiversity of all stages of succession D) remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession E) is typical of the first stages of secondary succession

D

A system stabilized by negative feedback, with opposing processes offsetting each other, is said to be in ________. A) normal balanceB) environmental balance C) static controlD) dynamic equilibrium E) harmonic resonance

D

At Hakalau Forest in ________, ranchland is being restored to forest, invasive plants are being removed and native ones are being planted, and néné are being protected while new populationsof them are being established. A) Japan B) Guam C) Tuvalu D) HawaiiE) Marshall Islands

D

Detritivores include ________. A) wolves and lions B) species that can break down cellulose, bone, and other durable biopolymers C) oak and poplar treesD) millipedes, soil insects, and many ants E) algae and photosynthetic bacteria

D

Endemic species ________. A) are invasive species that cause extinction B) have high rates of mutations that lead to large numbers of offspring species C) are generalist organismsD) are found only in one place on the planet E) cause disease

D

Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards from one another. If they remain isolated for a long period of time, ________. A) one or both groups will probably become invasive species B) both groups will probably become native species C) one group will probably become an endemic speciesD) the groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur E) one or both groups will probably emigrate

D

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. Measurable warming of Earth due to these greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in Arctic areas. Global warming also can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase sea surface temperatures, which could increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out of sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. For example, if pollinators and the plants they pollinate become out of synch, the pollinators may not be able to use a different food source, and the plants may not be able to reproduce. If the climate warms significantly, tundra permafrost may melt, which may lead to ________ the community. A) pioneer species colonizing B) climax occurring in C) facilitation occurring in D) succession occurring in E) coevolution occurring in

D

In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1900 and 1923? A) a rapidly decreasing slope from left to right B) an S-shaped curve that shows a smooth, rapid increase and then levels off C) a straight line slanting upward, showing a steady increase over timeD) a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase E) a "sine wave" curving up, down, up, down

D

In the late 1800s and early 1900s farmers and ranchers slaughtered coyotes, bobcats, wolves, mountain lions, eagles, and rattlesnakes, trying to protect their cattle. One direct result may havebeen ________. A) a decrease in the prairie dog population B) an increase in predation C) an increase in soil quality D) an increase in the prairie dog population E) a decrease in soil quality

D

Once the prairie dogs were poisoned and no longer a part of the ecosystem, which of the following probably occurred? A) Soils slowly became looser because of the cattle, so fewer nutrients were recycled. B) Soils slowly compacted because of the cattle, increasing infiltration of moisture into the soil. C) Soils slowly became looser because of the cattle, decreasing infiltration of moisture into the soil. D) Soils slowly compacted because of the cattle, decreasing infiltration of moisture into the soil. E) Soils slowly became looser because of the cattle, so soil moisture increased.

D

One example of artificial selection is ________. A) crossing a lion and a tiger to get a sterile animal called a liger B) gypsy moths as an invasive speciesC) pet dogs that have gone wild, are mating with coyotes, and live in packsD) the generation of broccoli and Brussels sprouts from a single ancestral species E) humans placing a gene for human insulin into a flower

D

Overall, it appears that biomes with more available fresh water _______. A) don't differentiate between fresh water as rainfall and fresh water as ice in glaciers B) tend to have about the same productivity as those without much fresh water C) tend to have less productivity than those without much fresh waterD) tend to have more productivity than those without much fresh water E) No real conclusions can be drawn.

D

Scientists often depict their understanding of an organism's evolutionary ancestry in diagrams called ________. A) hierarchical trees B) classification trees C) taxonomic trees D) phylogenetic trees E) ancestral trees

D

The biosphere is best defined as ________. A) all living and nonliving parts, including the flow of energy and matter B) a regional grouping of plants, animals, and abiotic factors C) all Earth's organisms and their physical and aquatic environment where energy and matter are cycled D) all Earth's organisms and the nonliving environment with which they interact E) a grouping of plants and animals that interact with one another

D

The carrying capacity is the ________. A) average number of offspring carried to term by a species B) maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support C) limitation on numbers of species in a communityD) potential growth in the number of species in a given area E) greatest number of different niches possible in a given area

D

The phosphorus in all biological tissues can traced back to ________. A) phosphorus in animal bones B) atmospheric phosphorus gas C) volcanic activities D) phosphorus weathered from rock E) phosphorus dissolved in the ocean and taken up by shellfish

D

What are Earth's structural spheres? A) centrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere B) lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere C) geosphere and atmosphere D) lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere E) lithosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere

D

Which biome would be found primarily in the temperate zone? A) savanna B) boreal forestC) desertD) deciduous forest E) tundra

D

Which of the following are pioneer species? A) zebra mussels B) beaversC) aspen trees D) lichens E) wolves and mountain lions

D

Which of the following is likely to have occurred after 1923? A) The preserve was invaded by Eurasian collared doves in 1988. B) The deer population crashed, and no deer have been seen in the preserve since 1947. C) The deer population continued to increase exponentially until 2002. D) The deer overgrazed their environment, decreasing the carrying capacity of the habitat. E) The government has continued the ban on deer hunting and has continued killing cougars and coyotes that immigrate into the preserve.

D

Which of the following is true? A) Our understanding of genetics allows us to replace extinct species. B) Zoos and gardens can replace most important species because breeding technologies are improving. C) Restoration ecology can completely restore any damaged ecosystem. D) When we damage ecosystems we lose both biodiversity and valuable ecosystem services. E) Humans can find and make their own resources if they destroy natural ecosystems.

D

Which of the following pairs lists an r-selected organism followed by a K-selected organism? A) pine tree; dandelion B) elephant; whaleC) dandelion; pine tree D) grasshopper; whale E) elephant; pine tree

D

Zooplankton-eating fish are ________. A) herbivores B) primary consumers C) producersD) secondary consumers E) detritivores

D

A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift when ________. A) it suffers a natural fire or flood B) it has too many symbiotic relationships among species C) all invasive and exotic species are removedD) pollutants cause a rapid rise in mutations E) it loses keystone species or suffer a major climatic change

E

A trophic cascade is the effect of the loss of ________ on ________. A) top consumers; one another B) producers; the abundance of primary consumers C) detritivores; the abundance of decomposersD) flooding; terrestrial ecosystems E) top consumers; the abundance of lower consumers and producers

E

According to the figure, crocodiles are most closely related to ________. A) snakes and lizards B) mammals C) turtlesD) lampreys E) birds

E

Biodiversity is ________. A) the total number of species in a location B) the three-dimensional distribution of species and biological features C) difference in variety and abundance of species from place to place D) the relative abundance of the different species in a community E) the variety of life in all its forms and combinations and at all levels of organization

E

Biodiversity is partially influenced by net primary productivity. Where can the highest terrestrial rates of NPP be found? A) polar regions B) tundra C) deciduous forests D) deserts E) tropical rainforests

E

Containing elements of both forests and coastal marshes, the swamplands of extreme southern Louisiana would be an example of ________. A) a dead zone B) a closed ecosystem C) a superbiome D) an abiotic system E) an ecotone

E

Experiments done in Canadian lakes and in coastal regions of the Baltic Sea and Long Island Sound have demonstrated that ________. A) only one micronutrient, phosphorus (phosphates), limits growth throughout the world B) the only micronutrient that is important is carbon C) only one micronutrient, nitrogen (nitrates), limits growth throughout the world D) various macronutrients appear to limit growth throughout the world E) the same few micronutrients limit growth throughout the world

E

High population density can ________. A) decrease biodiversity within a species B) decrease competitionC) decrease the use of resourcesD) hinder organisms from finding mates E) increase the incidence of disease transmission

E

Negative feedback processes tend to function within ecosystems to ________. A) cause ecological relationships to disintegrate B) cause further ecological destruction C) cause ecological relationships to flourish D) reinforce harmful changes E) stabilize the ecosystem

E

Nitrogen fixation is a process that makes nitrogen available to plants and is carried out by ________. A) parasitic bacteria B) plants during photosynthesis C) nitrogen gas dissolving in fresh water and in the ocean D) volcanic eruptions E) mutualistic and free‐living bacteria

E

One of the conclusions that can be drawn from this scenario is that ________. A) predators were unimportant components of this ecosystem; their removal caused no subsequent problems. B) prairie dogs were part of a negative feedback loop once they were removed. C) prairie dogs were unimportant components of this ecosystem; their removal caused no subsequent problems. D) cattle improved the soils, contributing to this ecosystem. E) once humans change one thing in an ecosystem, they may find unexpected results occurring elsewhere in the ecosystem.

E

The energy content and biomass of ________ is lowest in any food web. A) small carnivores such as spiders and lizards B) detritivores and decomposers C) producersD) primary consumers E) top carnivores

E

The functional role of a species in its community is its ________. A) selection B) place in the food chain C) distributionD) habitat E) niche

E

The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________. A) predation B) competition C) parasitism D) herbivory E) mutualism

E

Unregulated populations tend to increase by ________. A) linear growth B) immigrationC) emigrationD) pyramidal growth E) exponential growth

E

When populations approach their carrying capacity, their resources ________. A) increase because populations are decreasing B) are not a concern as they are usually infinite in supplyC) increase in supply as the population size decreases to zero D) decrease in supply but are more accessible to competitors E) become more scarce as growth rate decreases to zero

E

Zebra mussels ________. A) are native to Canada B) are presently restricted to the Great Lakes and Hudson River, but they are expected to spread rapidly in the near future C) were introduced into the United States in the early 1900s D) excrete waste that facilitates algae blooms and subsequent eutrophication of lakes E) are an invasive exotic species that clogs water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities

E

________ is/are greater at higher elevations than lower elevations. A) Air pressure B) TemperatureC) Oxygen levelsD) Evaporation rates E) Ultraviolet radiation

E

What does the diagram illustrate? A) Biomes at high elevations roughly parallel biomes at high latitudes. B) Rules regarding climate and biomes do not apply to mountainous regions. C) Biomes at the highest elevations roughly parallel biomes at the equator. D) Increasing altitudes demonstrate the stages of succession. E) Mountain ranges demonstrate all of Earth's biomes.

a