Ch 3- Ch 6

phase 1 of chemical attraction: Lust

(libido, or sex drive)- sex hormones like estrogens and androgens are peaking. Thought to reflect the evolutionary desire to reproduce

our bodies stress regulation center

*Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) Axis-

Fiske four Key Relationship Dynamics- found in intimate human relationships that are formed by choice: 1. Communal sharing- 2. Authority ranking- 3. Equality matching- 4. Market pricing-

1. Communal sharing- being open and intimate with a partner 2. Authority ranking- deciding on power sharing or control issues 3. Equality matching- finding similarities 4. Market pricing- figuring out the costs and benefits of being involved in the relationship

Bem's Encultured Lens Theory Socialized to develop lenses for these 4:

1. Gender Polarization 2. Androcentrism (CS 16) 3. Biological Essentialism 4. Heteronormativity

what are the 3 phases of chemical attraction?

1. Lust 2. Attraction 3. Attachment

what are the 3 R's in Limbic resonance?

1. Resonance- You can begin to regulate each others HPA Axis 2. Regulate- You start to moderate their reactions 3. Remodel/ Revision- Over time you can remodel the limbic system

Mah & Binik Biopsychosocial model of orgasm: 3 key elements

1. Sensory (stimulation of the body) 2. Evaluative (stimulation of the mind) 3. Affective (stimulation of the emotions)

Fausto- Sterling & Balaban (1993) argue for the need of an increased understanding of "sexual multiplicity". They noted that there might actually be 5 biological sexes:

1. True Hermaphrodites: people who have one ovary and one testicle 2. Ferms: females with ovaries and some male genital characteristics 3. Merms: males with testes and some female genital characteristics *1-3 make up at least 4% of the U.S population 4. Traditional males 5. Traditional females

Illouz Four Symbolic Assessments of love traits: four ways to examine the rituals cultures engage in to enhance love experiences

1. temporal 2. emotional 3. spatial 4. artifactual

the extent to which a person reacts with limbic arousal (like secretion of stress hormones) when potential intimacy threats arise - karina

Affective Reactivity:

Lee's Styles of Love- (sternberg's consumate) couple is devoted to each other. They include: intimacy, passion, commitment

Agape

people who are characteristically both highly feminine and highly masculine; they do not conform rigidly to traditional gender roles. - May be better equipped to live in a world with diverse people & complex social and gender dynamics

Androgynous

the modern idea that both men and women should work on tenderness, empathy, and expressing their love to each other (in contrast to the idea that women are responsible for maintaining love)

Androgynous Love:

both partners exhibiting masculine and feminine traits

Androgynous gender roles:

Insecure attachments: lead people to fear abandonment, cling to partners, or alternatively want closeness then distance.

Anxious, preoccupied, ambivalent attachments

Illouz Four Symbolic Assessments of love traits: romance requires artifacts, objects (their artwork is beautiful!)

Artifactual

this part of sex & couples work teach people to accept & express their feelings

Assertiveness Training

______ attached people- reported coping without asking others for help or even talking to loved ones about the attachment challenge. They would suppress their feeling

Avoidantly

________ Principle Mid 20th century biologist who studied mating of fruit flies. Supports the argument that men are naturally inclined to spread sperm around as much as possible because sperm is cheap & plentiful, While females need to choose a mate to take care of them & their offspring because women's eggs are all created before birth & only one is released per month.

Bateman's

covert words or behaviors that express a denigration of women and ensure their continued inferiority; these acts or words may appear kind and positive but they represent a sense that women are helpless or weak

Benevolent Sexism

the ability of marginalized people to identify strongly with their own group and at the same time function well in the larger society.

Bicultural Identity

this model gives us a way to understand how biological acts occurring during sexual intimacy are influenced not only by physiological health and functioning but by interpersonal relationship dynamics and larger social forces. - Incorporates 4 key elements:

Biological model: 1. Information processing 2. Generalized physiological arousal 3. Incentive motivation 4. Genital response

these researchers' study suggests found that across species, female promiscuity in animals is the rule, not the exception.

Birkhead & Moller (1998)

a hard bulb of nerve tissue that responds sensitivity to sexual stimulation & assists in the female orgasmic response. Its only purpose is to provide sexual pleasure for women.

Clitoris

In Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love- means that a couple has decided to forego all other liaisons and live in union with one person

Commitment

a type of love that usually exists in long-term relationships where sexual passion may have declined but intimacy, commitment, and a sense of security are high - long term couples may have to work extra hard to rekindle their passion by scheduling intimate dates - as people get older and build their lives together, passion and sex may become less essential ingredients for maintaining the relationship.

Companionate Love:

this theory suggests that conflict is not a problem, but a positive route toward new realities

Conflict theory

people who think sex and gender are differences are socially constructed - are more flexible

Constructionists

Sternberg's Types of Love-relationship that contains all three components (high intimacy, commitment & passion) (Lee's Agape love) - Enjoy doing things together, feel sexual attraction to each other, share hopes and secrets with each other, and they do all they can to stay committed and build a life together.

Consummate Love - intimacy, passion and commitment

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory Intimacy, passion, commitment= • Relationships move from romantic/ passionate to companionate

Consummate/ real love

stress hormone

Cortisol

the process whereby people select each other as mates and decide to make a committed partnership with each other, such as in the case of marriage

Courtship

early stage romantic excursions that serve as a foundation for building a potentially committed relationship

Dating

a model explaining that people often put on false fronts during dating relationships so that when they commit to a relationship, they become disillusioned to find out the flaws in their partners. They feel unhappy that the person has "changed"

Disillusionment Model

Insecure attachments: people don't value intimacy with others and keep a cold distance in relationships

Dismissing avoidant attachment

____ attachment: avoid intimacy at all costs. They may have relationships but they do not allow themselves to be vulnerable. They put up walls, do not share emotions, and often appear cold and distant.

Dismissing/ avoidant

this term has to include these things: Disorder is defined as 1. If a person can not be sexually satisfied without the behavior being performed, 2. If the behavior is performed non-consensually 3. If the person is experiencing extreme personal or emotional distress over his or her behaviors

Disorder - Sexual aversion disorder: a diagnosable mental condition wherein people are afraid of or repulsed by sexual behavior. - Paraphilia: unusual sexual preferences that include objects, behaviors, or other people. - Pedophilia (kids), frotteurism (rubbing up against strangers), Fetishes

the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

Egalitarian

____ - _____ couples therapy: an evidence based practice for improving love relationships on unraveling the tender emotions underlying harsh emotions like anger Goals of this therapy: • Increase positive emotions between partners and decrease feelings of shame, fear, and anger • Couples learn to control their rage and anger and connect to the softer side of themselves and each other. This can change the limbic functioning

Emotion- focused

Illouz Four Symbolic Assessments of love traits: we see romantic feelings as separate from other feelings. Love is special (you look stunning)

Emotional

Sternberg's Types of Love- relationships that are high in commitment and low on intimacy and passion - Monogamous and do not seek to dissolve the relationship, don't share much, and are not physically intimate

Empty Love- high commitment

internal chemicals like endorphins that make a person feel less pain and give one a sense of euphoria

Endogenous Opiates:

a narrow tightly coiled tube connecting the rear of the testicle to its vas deferens; sperm mature here so they are able to travel during ejaculation

Epididymis:

the inability of a penis to become erect or maintain erections

Erectile Dysfunction:

areas of the body that are sensitive to stimulation and increase sexual arousal

Erogenous zone

Lee's Styles of Love- (sternberg's passionate/ romantic love) people experiencing it want intense intimacy and commitment from their partner.

Eros

people who think sex and gender differences are biological, essential or natural - more rigid, homosexuality is not normal - ie men think of sex more, or its weird if a woman

Essentialist

when traits or behaviors of a specific gender are believed to be "essential," or natural or biologically determined

Essentialized

a movement stemming from social Darwinist ideas, which advocated for sterilization of any people considered genetically "unfit" - This movement influenced Nazi genocide methods

Eugenics Movement

______ Theory holds that any behavior or trait can be maintained in a species as long as it doesn't interfere with reproduction - Reproduction is really the only trait that truly matters in evolutionary terms

Evolutionary

people evaluate potential partners based on the potential to play roles we consider to be vital characteristics of an "ideal" mate.

Expectancy Value Theory

Insecure attachments: people fear being hurt so avoid intimacy altogether

Fearful avoidant

attachments: feel such anxiety over intimacy that they choose to disengage in order to avoid the potential pain of getting too involved with others.

Fearful/avoidant

wherein women's styles are considered "real love" and men's means of expression are thought to be inferior.

Feminization of love:

the idea that women are naturally skilled at love, are good at empathy and tenderness, and that a women's ways of loving are ideal compared to those of men.

Feminized Love:

this theory suggests that people have various cognitive filters thru which they sift the pool of eligible I order to create a perfect soul mate in their minds; the filters usually contain preconceived ideas about what a future mate must be like. Propinquity→ attractiveness→social background→

Filter Theory:

engaging in sexual activities with friends or acquaintances without expecting the development of a committed partnership

Friends with Benefits

a way of thinking wherein children hold less stereotyped beliefs about gender. - critical thinkers better for cognitive development these kids tend to be more tolerant of diversity and accepting (progressive parents)

Gender Aschematic

a person's sense of being either male or female

Gender Identity

socially prescribed actions, behaviors and trait expected of men and women

Gender Roles

Mental representations or cognitive templates that comprise a person's ideas about gender roles. (Bem, 1983)

Gender Schemas

a way of thinking wherein children's gender schemas are comprised of stereotypical ideas about gender; thinking is inflexible regarding what is appropriate for boys & girls or men & women. - cannot use their cognitive, changes how you process theses kids are much less flexible with diversity.

Gender Schematic

A theory of gender role development that focuses on children's changing gender schemas & the desire to perform socially accepted roles for their gender

Gender Schematic Theory (Bem 1981)

the idea that men and women are actually more similar than they are different and that gender differences are largely overstated.

Gender Similarity Hypothesis

hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal glands, Neurotransmitters. Ex. cortisol in the blood these are regulated by:

HPA Axis

doctor who believed that the idea that women should acknowledge and fulfill their sexual urges; he argued that the focus in sex solely for reproduction oppressed women's humanity

Havelock Ellis

a belief that heterosexuality is normal and right other sexual orientations are abnormal or inferior to heterosexuality

Heteronormativity

a liking for people like ourselves - Suggest that we are attracted to others with similar internal working models

Homophily

causal sexual experiences with strangers or acquaintances (kissing, oral sex, intercourse) without the expectation of any further contact after the fact

Hooking up

a male ideology comprised of negative attitudes about women and an acceptance of violence against women

Hostile Masculinity

Negative gender bias which often involves anger and combativeness directed at women; example of sexist jokes, sexually harass women, phrases like "shut up" towards women

Hostile Sexism

this researcher's study suggests that female promiscuity may actually be best for continuing of the species. This suggests that promiscuity helps females' chances of gaining access to the healthiest sperm.

Hrdy (1981)

Sternberg's Types of Love- are relationships that are high on passion but low on intimacy and commitment. - Have strong physical attraction, are often together open up and share secrets and they don't decide to stop seeing others

Infatuation Love- - high passion

___ attachments had the highest levels of cortisol

Insecure

_____ attachment: have sometimes experienced inconsistent care from caregivers and often enter adult love relationships with intense fears of betrayal and abandonment. They desire love and intimacy yet they often sabotage relationships thru being too clingy and emotionally unstable.

Insecure/ anxious/ preoccupied

Erik Erikson defines it as the ability to be completely open and honest with another person, merging your lives together without losing your own identity

Intimacy

In Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love- refers to sharing ones thoughts and feelings as well as being vulnerable enough to reveal one's true self

Intimacy

____ Hyde's Gender Similarity Hypothesis •Only 22% of gender differences across al studies are medium- large effect sizes Did large meta- studies and found that • More differences within groups of women and it with men. • Average difference between men and women are small.

Janet Hyde

the work done in families (usually by women) that maintains strong blood ties; activities include writing letters & sending cards buying gifts & organizing parties & gatherings.

Kinship work:

the external folds of skin or "lips" of the vagina

Labia Majora

the internal folds of skin, or "lips" of the vagina

Labia Minora

(marriage within a specific tribe) require that someone from within the proper group is chosen for a young person to date. Elders may filter out large portions of the pool of Eligibles. - Virgins carry the highest market value

Laws of Endogamy

Triune brain: the second level of the Triune brain which comprises the emotion regulation centers of the brain involved in emotional reactions and attachment strategies

Limbic Brain:

the idea that two people who live together or are involved in a romantic bond can affect the functioning of each other's limbic brains - bodily rhythms become synchronized with each other, can help develop emotional regulation abilities - we can remodel the emotional parts of the people we love

Limbic Co-regulation:

Sternberg's idea that we form templates in our childhood based on interactions in our families and exposure to media images of what characteristics should be present in ideal love relationships.

Love stories:

the subjective feeling of emotional connection with another person, often accompanied by intense desire to be near, care for, protect, and or share one's life with that person.

Love:

1967 U.S Supreme Court halted the ban on interracial relationships in the case where an African American woman and her European American husband fought got the right to love whom they wanted and they won. - vetoed the Anit- Miscegenation Laws

Loving v. the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Lee's Styles of Love- (sternberg's infatuation) is taken less seriously, treated almost like a game. Little intimacy, and no commitment thrives on passion. (related to poor relationship quality and unhappiness)

Ludus

the belief that men have certain inherent rights, roles and responsibilities that are greater and more valuable than those of women.

Male entitlement

Lee's Styles of Love- similar to anxious/ preoccupied/ enmeshed attachment

Mania

"No woman is completely free unless she has control over her own reproductive system" opened the first birth control clinic that advocated the use of contraceptives like the diaphragm. - encouraged middle class women to be open about their desire for sex outside of procreation

Margaret Sanger

type of therapy that deals with: Sexual problems are symptoms of larger relationship problems - Emotional issues - Sources of stress - Communication - May focus on childhoods

Marital or Couples Therapy

men who approach women who are of greater market value than they are

Market maximizing strategy

figuring out the costs and benefits of being involved in the relationship

Market pricing

Women's Sexual Response Four- stage Sexual Response Cycle: (1966) discovery that most people go thru consistent stages of sexual response: excitement, plateau, orgasm & resolution

Masters' and Johnson

women who approach men that match their own value

Matching market strategy

Start of menstruation. Girls who enter menarche earlier than their peers are more likely to suffer from anxiety, depression, & eating disorders (Hayward & Sanborn 2002)

Menarche

the idea that the more we are exposed to a person, the more likely we are to engage in a relationship with them

Mere Exposure Effect

research technique where the results of multiple studies can be analyzed together to assess the overall magnitude of effects for a given topic • Remarkable similarity between men and women • Variation within groups is much greater than any mean, on average, differences between groups.

Meta- Analysis

Shroeder talks about different polyamorous family configurations: there can be polyfidelity in this structure, or group marriage/ partnership, where all partners involved are married or committed to each other but no one stray out of the group

Multiple primary partners

Myth or Fact: you can become infected with HIV by using the bathroom of an infected person, shaking hands with them, if they sneeze on you, and thru mosquito bites

Myth HIV i transmitted thru vaginal, anal, or oral sex, thru sharing needles or syringes with an infected person and thru childbirth & breast feeding by an infected mother. (the jury is still out regarding french kissing as a means of transmission)

Triune brain: the 3rd level of the triune brain, which controls rational decision making, executive functions, planning and analysis. Most evolved; allowed the development for language.

Neocortex

Shroeder talks about different polyamorous family configurations: in this structure, the key multiple primary partners are committed to each other but all agree that other sexual or love relationship would be acceptable

Open Model

In Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love- includes constant thoughts about the person, strong desire to be near them & sexual excitement

Passion

the scientific study of kissing Hormones like cortisol decrease in kissing sessions, while levels of oxytocin increase, as a combination that is linked to a relaxed body and psychological sense of euphoria and bonding.

Philematology:

the color of ones skin determines how many dating opportunities he or she has

Pigmentocracy

this researcher's study suggestseferred to men's family struggles as a matter of contradictory & in consistent expectations that lead men to feel role strain just like women do. - Men dominate, aggression is acceptable - We also desire for men to be sensitive to the needs of others - Women don't want feminine men but don't want macho either. Men suffer more ridicule & negative judgments if they violate gender role expectations than women do.

Pleck (1981)

loving more than one person

Polyamory

the available group of people who could be potential mates for us.

Pool of Eligibles:

Lee's Styles of Love- filter theory of mate selection; arranged marriage

Pragma

male ejaculation, which occurs directly upon arousal or earlier than preferred

Premature ejaculation:

____ people- reported high levels of distress in trying to solve these problems and exhibited poor abilities to cope with attachment challenges.

Preoccupied/ ambivalent/ anxious

Shroeder talks about different polyamorous family configurations: a couple is committed to each other and any other liaisons are considered secondary, meaning they can never interfere with or join the first relationship

Primary/ secondary structure

Organization that seeks to tear down the commercialization of masculinity, through defaming macho exploits that objectify sex & violence. • Want members to reject the need for power & money & start striving for family harmony & strong marriages. • Seek to redefine masculinity & create a sensitive, open & emotionally connected modern patriarch.

Promise Keepers

in close proximity; people are more likely to date those who are nearby

Propinquity:

a walnut sized gland at the base of the penis that manufactures seminal fluid and delivers it during ejaculation

Prostate Gland

_____ is triggered by a shift in the balance between excitatory neurotransmitters.

Puberty

the attempt to rid oneself of a transgendered identity by acting as stereotypically male or female as one can; these acts are an attempt to confirm that ones gender identity is the same as his or her biological sex

Purging

Seeks to bring marginalized groups to the forefront of scientific study and to recognize the intersectional identities of all people being studied

Queer theory

Triune brain: the most primitive part of the Triune brain that controls reflexes and basic behaviors like blood pressure and quick reactions or control our survival functions (heart rate and startle response)

Reptilian Brain:or Brain stem-

a feeling of stress or pressure experienced by being torn between work, relationships, and parenting roles

Role strain

Sternberg's Types of Love- those who are new to a relationship and have great passion and intimacy but have not yet made a commitment - Enjoy spending a lot of time together, and share a bit. Fulfilling sex life but have not progresses to building a committed monogamous life together.

Romantic Love high passion & intimacy

a type of love that usually exists with newer relationships, where sexual excitement and intrusive thoughts of the person are common

Romantic/ Passionate Love:

____ attachments:tend to have constructive conflicts with their mates, where problems are solved without blaming, shaming, screaming, or violent confrontation.

Secure

____ people had the lowest cortisol levels

Secure

______ partners helped their mates modulate their emotional lives and regulate their levels of distress, were not intrusive, controlling, or judgmental while trying to solve attachment challenges

Secure

Attachment processes: view relationships as safe and inviting, the world as exciting, and one's self as worthy of love

Secure attachments

Aron & Aron's theory that true love stem's from one's wish to expand one's self; each partner helps the other become better version of the self they once were.

Self expansion Theory:

partners fill the gaps and balance out their partner's traits

Self- expansion love:

located in the testes, these tubes aid in creating sperm calls and helping then travel during ejaculation

Seminiferous tubules

what hormone is an inhibitory neurochemical and helps us control our impulses

Serotonin

type of therapy that deals with: Sexual problems are the problem - Sexual techniques - Relaxation, anxiety, body awareness, sexual education - Focus on here and now

Sex Therapy Can help with both sex and relationship problems. Help partners or individuals to improve sexual satisfaction and or performance, but they usually do so within the context of improving relationship skills in general Sex therapist David Schnarch

includes discriminatory actions and thoughts regarding women and not women's acts or thoughts about men because sexism stems from a difference in power

Sexism

a term used by evolutionary theorists to indicate that homosexuality has not been weeded out of the gene pool over the eons of human evolution because females in families of gay males have higher than average fertility rates.

Sexual Antagonistic Selection

boredom, differing sexual desire, using sex as a means of power & control.

Sexual Dissatisfaction

impotence, premature ejaculation, vaginismus, or orgasmic difficulties.

Sexual Dysfunction

behaviors + thoughts + fantasies+ identity= is on a continuum

Sexual orientation

sexual attraction one has toward people of a specific gender or genders

Sexual orientation:

he was the first to write about female sexual frustration in the nineteen century. First to legitimize the study of female gender and sex issues.

Sigmund Freud

this effect is the idea that instead of opposites attracting, most of us actually choose mates very similar to ourselves in attractiveness, personality, and social standing.

Similarity- Attraction Effect:

this theory suggests that: Behaviors that are reinforced are more likely to be repeated- A theory of gender role development that emphasizes children's modeling of adult role models & imitating the gender behaviors they see; gender roles are socialized through reinforcing gender appropriate and punishing gender inappropriate behavior and traits - boys more than girls strive to be unlike the other gender & will ostracize and tease others who act "like girls"

Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1989)

the idea that evolution will talk its natural course over time, weeding out genetically "unfit" people so that eventually a master human race will emerge through "survival of the fittest" - This theory was used to justify political attitudes against social welfare program and in favor of the eugenics movement

Social Darwinism

this theory suggests that people logically weigh the pros and cons of specific partner characteristics... much like "Market pricing"

Social Exchange theory

Illouz Four Symbolic Assessments of love traits: we feel the need to leave ordinary spaces and get away from home (we'll take that table next to the fireplace)

Spatial

a standardized belief about a group of people where all members are thought to be similar to each other in specific ways. • These beliefs are often oversimplifications & can include prejudiced attitudes

Stereotype

the process of a person performing poorly on tasks because of the pressure felt by knowing the negative stereotypes that abound about his or her own group • Can limit what people see as possibilities for themselves, including behaviors, careers, or even intellectual abilities

Stereotype Threat

Lee's Styles of Love- natural affection (sternberg's companionate) involves maintaining a healthy egalitarian relationship with someone who is your best friend.

Storage

Illouz Four Symbolic Assessments of love traits: relates to isolated time increments (pick you up at 8)

Temporal

All of the following are true regarding Case Study #10, EXCEPT:

The therapist was also a lesbian so had complete understanding of Alexandra's issues

In Case Study #16, regarding Ron and Sally, all of the following were true, EXCEPT

The therapist was disappointed that the couple failed to work on their communication patterns

a person whose gender identity does not match his or her biological sex

Transgender:

a person whose gender identity does not match his or her biological sex

Transgendered

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love- one typology of love in which Sternberg considers essential, characterized by three parts, passion, intimacy or commitment.

Triangular Theory of Love

the depiction of the brain as consisting of three parts from an older more primitive part to a newer sophisticated part

Triune brain: 1. Reptilian 2. Limbic 3. Neocortex

this person found that it didn't matter which biological sex was the caretaker of the offspring, the one who took care of the young was less aggressive, less flamboyant in its colors & behaviors & more passive.

Trivers (1972)

the opening thru which urine passes

Urethra

a canal leading to the external genitalia; a female sexual organ

Vagina

tubes that transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation; contractions in these organs propel sperm forward

Vas Deferens

painted a vivid picture of the triune brain and how the limbic system may not always work synergistically (cooperatively) with the neocortex. Our reptilian biological urges lead us in one direction but out neocortical thoughts can take us elsewhere

Vincent Millay:

the entire external female genital area. which contains:

Vulva

women, infants & children's program that ensures that American children can receive food benefits of staples like milk, bread & cheese

WIC

gov't benefits to help women raise their children with enough food & medical care to enjoy a minimum quality standard of living.

Welfare

In Case Study #3, "Living Between Two Worlds," which concept was not well-illustrated in Graciela's case?

anger management

is a neurotransmitter that makes us feel warm and tingly, blissfully happy, and somewhat intoxicated. Which happens at the beginning of relationships

dopamine

what are the Lust (sex) hormones, is related to increases in behaviors related to sexual appetite

dopamine, norepinephrine, lower serotonin (happy, adrenaline, unstable)

true or false: HIV is a death sentence

false

true or false: there is 100% successful way to prevent the transmission of HIV with condoms?

false

the socially constructed aspects of what makes a person male or female

gender

understanding gender as a personal characteristic similar to learning one's eyes won't chance color

gender constancy

In emotion-focused couples therapy, the therapist's primary goal is to

increase positive interactions between the partners

phase 2 of chemical attraction: Attraction

increases 1. dopamine 2. noropinephrine 3. serotonin - Attraction involves heightened energy with attention focused specifically on one person. - There is a sense of romantic or passionate love, feelings of exhilaration and intrusive thoughts about the person

phase 3 of chemical attraction: Attachment

increases: Oxytocin characterized by a sense of calm, security, and emotional intimacy. Oxytocin is circulating in higher amounts in the brain, as is vasopressin, which constricts the blood vessels and influences feelings of bonding. - Also refers to the emotional bonds between children and their caregivers

a person who is not clearly male or female and may have ambiguous genitalia

intersexed

this part of sex & couples work makes sure that any sexual problems are not biological or due to illness or depression

medical examinations

is a chemical that gives us a sense of calm security, of warmth and contentment. Happens as relationships evolve and we fall in love, being with a person for a long time and becoming true companions.

oxytocin

what are the attachment hormones?

oxytocin- makes you feel calm, stable and happy

refers to the biological aspects of what makes a person male or female.

sex

the idea that sex is normal and expected for men and disapproved of for women.

sexual double standard

In Case Study #17, "Time Wasted or Time Invested?" undergraduate students Mark and Linda's treatment involved all but one of the following elements:

treatment for major depression for Linda

Differentiation model: couples live as separate individuals and come together to form a relationship together. Vs. enmeshment: they share their lives together as one person

true

True or false: We don't know much about other types of sexual relationships because most of the research on healthy sexual functioning and sex problems has been done on heterosexual couples.

true

True or false: What happens in our microsystems can have a lasting impact. And attachment changes our brains and helps us truly understand love in all its complexity.

true

True or false: insecurely attached people tend to have high levels of affective reactivity

true

true or false: By the 1920's marriages were characterized by all 3 variables, love sex and emotional intimacy, became the norm and women were expected to enjoy sex to keep the marriage going strong.

true

true or false: HIV can be transmitted thru dirty and shared needles

true

true or false: Hispanic groups are at greater risk for AIDS, pregnancy, & sexual violation

true

true or false: In Case Study #10, "Coming Out," Alexandra and her husband Ramsey had an open sexual relationship that allowed liaisons with new partners.

true

true or false: Peoples attachment style affect their own neurophysiology, but their partners attachment style can either exacerbate or modulate their own ability to regulate emotions. Your partner changes your biology

true

true or false: Research on evolution shows that men aim higher on attractiveness, whereas women aim as equally as them Men aim lower on socioeconomic, where as women aim higher.

true

true or false: Sexual satisfaction is highly correlated with general marital satisfaction while sexual dissatisfaction is associated with divorce, suggesting that sexual satisfaction plays a key role in the longevity of a relationship. (howe, 110)

true

true or false: long term love may be related to increased serotonin levels brand new love decreases serotonin level, leading to emotional instability

true

true or false: young people of color are most at risk for becoming new AID cases

true