Ch. 4 Quiz

Peptidoglycan; cell membrane

both gram-positive & gram-negative cells

Gram positive cells

cells which contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid

Gram negative cells

cells which contain both an inner and outer membrane as well as a thin layer of peptidoglycan

Mycoplasms

cells which lack a cell wall with peptidoglycan but contain sterols to strengthen their cell membrane

Slime layer

this loosely attached, thin mucoid layer protects the cell from dying out or losing nutrients

Cytoskeleton

this structure is a network of protein polymers that help stabilize the shape of the cell from within

Granules

this structure stores inorganic compounds, such as sulfur and polyphosphate

Inclusion bodies

this structure stores nutrients during periods of ample resources to compensate for times when nutrients are scarce

______________ are novel prokaryotic organisms that belong to their own superkingdom (domain).

Archaea

Please select all of the statements that are true about endospores. - Bacterial endospores are highly resistant to heat, drying and radiation. - Endospores are only found in the environment and are not medically relevant. - Endospores can exist in the environment for indefinite periods of time. - Endospores resist boiling and therefore steam must be used to destroy endospores present in food. - Endospores can be formed by any genus of bacteria.

- Bacterial endospores are highly resistant to heat, drying and radiation. - Endospores can exist in the environment for indefinite periods of time. - Endospores resist boiling and therefore steam must be used to destroy endospores present in food.

Please select all of the characteristics that define life and living things. - Heredity - Sexual reproduction - Growth and development - Use of energy - Increase in size

- Heredity - use of energy - sexual reproduction - Growth and development

Please select all of the following that are characteristics of archaea. - Prokaryotic - Eukaryotic - Circular chromosome - Contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall - Contain long-chain, branched hydrocarbons in the cell membrane

- Prokaryotic - Circular chromosome - Contain long-chain, branched hydrocarbons in the cell membrane

Fimbriae

- Short, bristle like projections - used to attach cell to other cells or surfaces

Please select all of the following which are found in all cells regardless of cell type. - cell membrane - cell wall - cytoplasm - DNA - organelles

- cell membrane - cytoplasm - DNA

Please select all of the following which are contents of the cell cytoplasm. - chromosome - ribosome - water - glycocalyx - fimbriae

- chromosome - ribosome - water

Which of the following correctly describe the color of different cells after using the Gram staining technique? - Gram-negative--purple - Gram-negative--pink/red - Gram-positive--purple - Gram-positive--pink/red

- gram positive --purple - gram negative -- red

Axial Filaments

- long, coiled threads - provide movement to spirochetes

Pili

- long, tubular appendages - allows cells to conjugate to other cells

Major life defining properties:

: heredity, reproduction, growth, development, metabolism, responsiveness, and transport

Halophile

An organism that lives in an environment that contains high amounts of salt such as the Dead Sea

Methanogen

An organism that lives in anaerobic environments and converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane

Psychrophile

An organism that lives in very cold conditions, including temperatures below freezing

Flagella

Composed of 3 parts used to provide movement to the cell: - a filament - hook - basal body

Although they share many bacterial characteristics, members of the Domain Archaea are more closely related to Domain _____________ than to bacteria.

Eukarya

Genetic techniques

These tests use DNA to determine the identity of an organism

Serological analysis

These tests use antibody reactions to identify an organism or to determine relatedness

Morphology

These tests use cell shape and Gram reaction to classify organisms

Bacterial physiology/biochemistry

These tests use the presence or absence of biochemical processes and enzymes to group organisms

Hyperthermophile

an organism that lives in extremely hot temperatures such as the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park

The cell envelope is the external covering that lies outside of the cell cytoplasm and is composed of the _______ and _______.

cell wall; cell membrane

Acid-fast cells

cells which contain a thick layer of mycolic acid or cord factor

Common bacterial shapes

ch. 4 lecture slides #34

Ribosome

composed of RNA and protein, the structure synthesizes new proteins

Lipopolysaccharide; outer membrane

found in Gram negative cells

Teichoic acid

found in Gram positive cells

Glycocalyx

general term which describes all the various coatings covering the surface of the cell

Such adaptations to their metabolic pathways allow archaea to live in extreme environments, such as areas with high levels of salt (______________) or high temperatures (_______________).

halophiles; thermophiles

Characteristics that define archaea, however, include the presence of unique membrane ______________, _________________construction and composition and ___________________ pathways.

lipids, cell wall ; metabolic

Other than maintaining the shape of the cell, what is the primary function of the cell wall, and which component contributes most to this function?

maintaining strength; peptidoglycan

Of the photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria produce ______ as a product of photosynthesis but the green and purple sulfur bacteria do not produce this substance.

oxygen

The cell membrane is composed of _____________.

proteins dispersed throughout a phospholipid bilayer

For example, both archaea and eukaryotes share unique ______________ RNA sequences and their ribosomal subunit structures are similar as well.

ribosomal

When all the flagella on a cell rotate in a counterclockwise fashion, the cell is propelled forward in a movement known as a ____, but when the flagella reverse direction, the cell stops and changes course in an action known as a ____.

run; tumble

The _______ level of bacterial organisms refers to a group of organisms that all share the same traits while the subspecies level refers to the variation or differences of individual cells within that group.

species

Chromosome

the structure which contains the essential DNA of the cell

Plasmid

the structure which contains the nonessential DNA of the cell

Capsule

this layer of polysaccharides and/or proteins is tightly bound to the cell and contributes to the cell's pathogenicity