Ch. 5 Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules Dynamic Study Module
The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?
Lipids
Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are __________.
adenine and guanine
A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.
glycogen
The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.
molecules called chaperonins
One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.
they are all disaccharides
Macromolecules, the molecules of life, include all of the following except __________.
trace elements
In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction.
water
The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.
phospholipids
The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.
primary
The components of nucleic acids are __________.
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein.
a single amino acid change; primary structure
Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.
amino acid molecules
The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds.
peptide
Which of the following is a polymer?
Cellulose, a plant cell wall component
Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?
Chaperonins
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.
DNA
Which is the term for compounds that do not mix with water?
Hydrophobic
Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.
__________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.
Water
Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________.
a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates
The peptide bond is __________.
a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide
Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.
carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)
At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.
chitin
The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________.
cholesterol
When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.
cis double bonds; liquids
The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.
covalent
In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.
double helix; running antiparallel
Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.
energy storage and release
The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.
glycosidic linkages
The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.
hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet
