CH 6 - Integumentary System
A. stratum corneum B. stratum lucidum C. stratum granulosum D. stratum spinosum E. stratum basale
Identify each layer or strata of the epidermis
vasodilate; close
If the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels ______ so more blood can travel ______ to the surface and excess can be lost.
epidermal dendritic
Immune cells found in the epidermis are called ______ cells.
dendritic
In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ______ cells that help to fight infection.
water resistant
In regards to water, the skin is best described as ______.
granulosum
In the layer of the epidermis called the _____ stratum , the process of keratinization begins.
lucidum
In thick skin, there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. This layer is called the stratum ______.
cholecalciferol
Keratinocytes in the epidermis produce ______ when exposed to UV radiation.
4
Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ week(s).
A. merocrine sweat gland B. merocrine sweat duct C. sebaceous gland D. apocrine sweat gland
Match the exocrine gland structure with the labels on diagram.
A. epidermis B. papillary layer C. dermis D. reticular laye E. subcutaneous layer
Match the letter to the appropriate integument layer
1. axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions 2. distributed throughout body 3. associated with hair follicles over much of the skin 4. external acoustic meatus 5. breasts
Match the type of gland with its location. 1. apocrine 2. merocrine 3. sebaceous 4. ceruminous 5. mammary
1. secrete proteins and lipids 2. function in thermoregulation and excretion 3. lipid material called sebum
Match the type of gland with its secretion or function. 1. apocrine 2. merocrine 3. sebaceous
simple, coiled, and tubular
Merocrine sweat glands are classified as ______ glands that release their secretion onto the surface of the skin.
2; 2; 1
Migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about ______ weeks. The dead, keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional ______ weeks. Overall, keratinocytes are present for about ______ month following their formation.
dendritic
Motile cells in the dermis are called ______ cells.
corneum
Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ______ layer of the epidermis.
dermis; epidermis
Nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the _____ and _____.
hemoglobin
Normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ______, melanin, and carotene.
sweat; oil (sebaceous)
On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ______ glands, _______ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.
dermal papillae
The ______ contain(s) the capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis.
subcutaneous
The ______ layer is not part of the integumentary system.
reticular
The ______ layer of the dermis consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen fibers.
papillary
The ______ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae.
reticular layer
The ______ of the dermis forms the deeper, major portion of the dermis and extends from the papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.
stratum spinosum/dermis
The ______ of the integument has immune cells.
puberty
The apocrine sweat glands become active and produce secretory products during ______.
connective; epithelial
The cells of a hair follicle's walls are organized into two principal concentric layers: an outer ______ tissue root sheath and an inner ______ tissue root sheath.
keratin
The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein ______.
reticular; subcutaneous
The connective tissue fibers of the ______ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.
reticular
The deepest layer of the dermis is the ______ layer.
distribution of nerve fibers
The dermis of the skin has an extensive innervation, which refers to the ______.
dead
The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _______ keratinocytes.
living; dead
The first three strata of the epidermis consists of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ______ keratinocytes.
root
The hair follicle is an oblique tube that surrounds the hair ______.
The integument is the body's largest organ and is composed of ______ basic tissue types.
The integument is the body's largest organ and is composed of ______ basic tissue types.
eleidin
The keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein ______, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation.
stratum basale
The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ______.
DNA
The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the _____ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.
thermoregulation
The major function of merocrine sweat glands is ______.
apocrine
The mammary glands of the breasts are modified ______ sweat glands.
merocrine sweat glands
The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are ______.
keratinocytes; keratin
The most numerous cells of the epidermis are ____ and the protein they produce is called ____.
stratum corneum
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.
epidermis
The most superficial layer of the integument is the ______.
epidermal appendages
The nails, hair, and exocrine glands of the skin are known as ______.
away; conserve
The net effect of vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of blood ______ from the periphery of the body to ______ heat.
sweat ducts; hair follicles
The secretion from merocrine sweat glands is carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______.
proteins; lipids
The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of ______ and ______ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor.
sebum; hair follicle
The secretions from sebaceous glands, called ______, are usually deposited into a ______.
desmosomes
The spiny appearance of stratum spinosum cells is primarily due to the tenacious nature of _____, which function to hold these non-dividing cells together.
corneum
The stratum ______ consists of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells.
hypodermis
The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.
salts; urea
The substances that make sweat feel gritty are water ______ and ______.
merocrine; apocrine
The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ sweat glands and ______ sweat glands.
collagen
The word reticular means "network" and refers to the web like meshwork of ______ fibers.
corneum; granulosum; spinosum
There are four layers of cells in the epidermis of thin skin. From superficial to deep, these layers are stratum ______, stratum ______, stratum ______, and stratum basale.
True
True or False: All people, of all skin tones, have about the same number of melanocytes.
False: They have melanocytes but they aren't functional.
True or false: In albinism, the individual usually has white hair, pale skin, and pink irises because they don't have melanocytes.
False: Carotene is the correct pigment
True or false: Melanin plays a role in Vitamin A production and normal vision as well as improved immunity.
True
True or false: The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both heredity and light exposure.
False
True or false: The palms of the hands have more hair than the soles of the feet.
True
True or false: The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm.
decrease; less
Vasoconstriction means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively ______ blood can travel through them.
increases; more
Vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively ______ blood can travel through them.
hemoglobin
When ______ binds oxygen, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals.
dehydration
When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is _____ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.
sensory nerve
When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate ______ endings in the dermis.
melanocytes
When exposed to the sun, the ______ become more active and secrete a protein that gives the skin a tanned look.
skin kidney liver
Which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?
keratinization
Within the stratum, granulosum begins a process called ______.
Sebum
______ acts as a lubricant to keep the skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked.
Friction ridges
______ are located on the fingers, palms, soles, and toes are formed from large folds and valleys on both the dermis and epidermis.
Sudoriferous
______ glands are also called sweat glands.
Carotene
______ is a yellow-orange pigment acquired from vegetables like carrots, corn, and squash.
3-5
______ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum.
Sebum
______ lubricates the epidermis and hair and helps make the integument water resistant.
spinosum
After a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum ______ and it begins to lose its ability to divide.
cold vibration pressure
Among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are ______. cold vibration sound pressure light
exocytosis
Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands release their secretory products by the process of ______.
simple, coiled, and tubular
Apocrine sweat glands are classified as ______ glands
foreign particles; small insects
Cerumen, together with tiny hairs along the ear canal, helps trap ______ or ______ and keeps them from reaching the eardrum.
stratified squamous
Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ epithelium.
third
Corrosive chemicals, fire, and prolonged contact with extremely hot water usually cause ______-degree burns.
nucleus
During the process of keratinization, the cell's _____ and organelles disintegrate and the cells start to die.
body; edge
Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ______ and a distal whitish free ______.
phagocytic
Epidermal dendritic cells accomplish their immune function by their ______ activity, which initiates an immune response against invaders.
spinosum granulosum
Epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata?
epidermis; redness
First-degree burns involve only the ______ and are characterized by ______, pain, and slight edema (swelling).
palms; soles
Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and _____ of the hands and fingers, the sides and _____ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia.
benign
Hemangiomas are ______ tumors.
external acoustic meatus
A function of cerumen is to lubricate the ______.
blood vessels
A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ______ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.
tactile cells
Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ______.
melanocytes
Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment-producing cells called ______.
exocrine
Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are types of ______ glands of skin.
sex hormones
Sebaceous glands are activated primarily by ______ during puberty in both sexes.
holocrine; sebum
Sebaceous glands are classified as ______ glands that discharge an oily, waxy secretion called ______.
epidermis; dermis
Second-degree burns involve the ______ and part of the ______.
large epithelial cells can be stimulated by light pressure can be stimulated by light touch also called Merkel cells
Tactile cells are described best by which of the following? large epithelial cells can be stimulated by light pressure can be stimulated by deep pressure can be stimulated by light touch can be stimulated by heat also called Merkel cells