CH 6 - Integumentary System

A. stratum corneum B. stratum lucidum C. stratum granulosum D. stratum spinosum E. stratum basale

Identify each layer or strata of the epidermis

vasodilate; close

If the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels ______ so more blood can travel ______ to the surface and excess can be lost.

epidermal dendritic

Immune cells found in the epidermis are called ______ cells.

dendritic

In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ______ cells that help to fight infection.

water resistant

In regards to water, the skin is best described as ______.

granulosum

In the layer of the epidermis called the _____ stratum , the process of keratinization begins.

lucidum

In thick skin, there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. This layer is called the stratum ______.

cholecalciferol

Keratinocytes in the epidermis produce ______ when exposed to UV radiation.

4

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ week(s).

A. merocrine sweat gland B. merocrine sweat duct C. sebaceous gland D. apocrine sweat gland

Match the exocrine gland structure with the labels on diagram.

A. epidermis B. papillary layer C. dermis D. reticular laye E. subcutaneous layer

Match the letter to the appropriate integument layer

1. axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions 2. distributed throughout body 3. associated with hair follicles over much of the skin 4. external acoustic meatus 5. breasts

Match the type of gland with its location. 1. apocrine 2. merocrine 3. sebaceous 4. ceruminous 5. mammary

1. secrete proteins and lipids 2. function in thermoregulation and excretion 3. lipid material called sebum

Match the type of gland with its secretion or function. 1. apocrine 2. merocrine 3. sebaceous

simple, coiled, and tubular

Merocrine sweat glands are classified as ______ glands that release their secretion onto the surface of the skin.

2; 2; 1

Migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about ______ weeks. The dead, keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional ______ weeks. Overall, keratinocytes are present for about ______ month following their formation.

dendritic

Motile cells in the dermis are called ______ cells.

corneum

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ______ layer of the epidermis.

dermis; epidermis

Nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the _____ and _____.

hemoglobin

Normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ______, melanin, and carotene.

sweat; oil (sebaceous)

On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ______ glands, _______ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.

dermal papillae

The ______ contain(s) the capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis.

subcutaneous

The ______ layer is not part of the integumentary system.

reticular

The ______ layer of the dermis consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen fibers.

papillary

The ______ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae.

reticular layer

The ______ of the dermis forms the deeper, major portion of the dermis and extends from the papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.

stratum spinosum/dermis

The ______ of the integument has immune cells.

puberty

The apocrine sweat glands become active and produce secretory products during ______.

connective; epithelial

The cells of a hair follicle's walls are organized into two principal concentric layers: an outer ______ tissue root sheath and an inner ______ tissue root sheath.

keratin

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein ______.

reticular; subcutaneous

The connective tissue fibers of the ______ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.

reticular

The deepest layer of the dermis is the ______ layer.

distribution of nerve fibers

The dermis of the skin has an extensive innervation, which refers to the ______.

dead

The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _______ keratinocytes.

living; dead

The first three strata of the epidermis consists of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ______ keratinocytes.

root

The hair follicle is an oblique tube that surrounds the hair ______.

The integument is the body's largest organ and is composed of ______ basic tissue types.

The integument is the body's largest organ and is composed of ______ basic tissue types.

eleidin

The keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein ______, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation.

stratum basale

The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ______.

DNA

The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the _____ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.

thermoregulation

The major function of merocrine sweat glands is ______.

apocrine

The mammary glands of the breasts are modified ______ sweat glands.

merocrine sweat glands

The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are ______.

keratinocytes; keratin

The most numerous cells of the epidermis are ____ and the protein they produce is called ____.

stratum corneum

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.

epidermis

The most superficial layer of the integument is the ______.

epidermal appendages

The nails, hair, and exocrine glands of the skin are known as ______.

away; conserve

The net effect of vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of blood ______ from the periphery of the body to ______ heat.

sweat ducts; hair follicles

The secretion from merocrine sweat glands is carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______.

proteins; lipids

The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of ______ and ______ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor.

sebum; hair follicle

The secretions from sebaceous glands, called ______, are usually deposited into a ______.

desmosomes

The spiny appearance of stratum spinosum cells is primarily due to the tenacious nature of _____, which function to hold these non-dividing cells together.

corneum

The stratum ______ consists of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells.

hypodermis

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.

salts; urea

The substances that make sweat feel gritty are water ______ and ______.

merocrine; apocrine

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ sweat glands and ______ sweat glands.

collagen

The word reticular means "network" and refers to the web like meshwork of ______ fibers.

corneum; granulosum; spinosum

There are four layers of cells in the epidermis of thin skin. From superficial to deep, these layers are stratum ______, stratum ______, stratum ______, and stratum basale.

True

True or False: All people, of all skin tones, have about the same number of melanocytes.

False: They have melanocytes but they aren't functional.

True or false: In albinism, the individual usually has white hair, pale skin, and pink irises because they don't have melanocytes.

False: Carotene is the correct pigment

True or false: Melanin plays a role in Vitamin A production and normal vision as well as improved immunity.

True

True or false: The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both heredity and light exposure.

False

True or false: The palms of the hands have more hair than the soles of the feet.

True

True or false: The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm.

decrease; less

Vasoconstriction means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively ______ blood can travel through them.

increases; more

Vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively ______ blood can travel through them.

hemoglobin

When ______ binds oxygen, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals.

dehydration

When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is _____ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.

sensory nerve

When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate ______ endings in the dermis.

melanocytes

When exposed to the sun, the ______ become more active and secrete a protein that gives the skin a tanned look.

skin kidney liver

Which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?

keratinization

Within the stratum, granulosum begins a process called ______.

Sebum

______ acts as a lubricant to keep the skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked.

Friction ridges

______ are located on the fingers, palms, soles, and toes are formed from large folds and valleys on both the dermis and epidermis.

Sudoriferous

______ glands are also called sweat glands.

Carotene

______ is a yellow-orange pigment acquired from vegetables like carrots, corn, and squash.

3-5

______ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum.

Sebum

______ lubricates the epidermis and hair and helps make the integument water resistant.

spinosum

After a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum ______ and it begins to lose its ability to divide.

cold vibration pressure

Among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are ______. cold vibration sound pressure light

exocytosis

Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands release their secretory products by the process of ______.

simple, coiled, and tubular

Apocrine sweat glands are classified as ______ glands

foreign particles; small insects

Cerumen, together with tiny hairs along the ear canal, helps trap ______ or ______ and keeps them from reaching the eardrum.

stratified squamous

Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ epithelium.

third

Corrosive chemicals, fire, and prolonged contact with extremely hot water usually cause ______-degree burns.

nucleus

During the process of keratinization, the cell's _____ and organelles disintegrate and the cells start to die.

body; edge

Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ______ and a distal whitish free ______.

phagocytic

Epidermal dendritic cells accomplish their immune function by their ______ activity, which initiates an immune response against invaders.

spinosum granulosum

Epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata?

epidermis; redness

First-degree burns involve only the ______ and are characterized by ______, pain, and slight edema (swelling).

palms; soles

Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and _____ of the hands and fingers, the sides and _____ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia.

benign

Hemangiomas are ______ tumors.

external acoustic meatus

A function of cerumen is to lubricate the ______.

blood vessels

A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ______ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

tactile cells

Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ______.

melanocytes

Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment-producing cells called ______.

exocrine

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are types of ______ glands of skin.

sex hormones

Sebaceous glands are activated primarily by ______ during puberty in both sexes.

holocrine; sebum

Sebaceous glands are classified as ______ glands that discharge an oily, waxy secretion called ______.

epidermis; dermis

Second-degree burns involve the ______ and part of the ______.

large epithelial cells can be stimulated by light pressure can be stimulated by light touch also called Merkel cells

Tactile cells are described best by which of the following? large epithelial cells can be stimulated by light pressure can be stimulated by deep pressure can be stimulated by light touch can be stimulated by heat also called Merkel cells