Ch. 7

White blood cell count characteristics?

-Total number of white blood cells in a known volume of blood; important to know -Also important to know distribution of white blood cell types: neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, basophils, and monocytes -In healthy people, neutrophils and lymphocytes make up the majority of WBC count

Hyperchloremia

elevation of the chloride ion concentration in the blood plasma (Ch 7)

Pseudoneutrophilia

elevation of the neutrophil count that is the result of cells shifting from the marginated pool to the circulatory pool (Ch 7)

Glycosuria

excessive sugar in the urine (Ch 7)

Normoblasts

immature nucleated red blood cells (Ch 7)

Reticulocyte

nucleated red blood cell (Ch 7)

Once the neutrophil is marginated into the tissues what process does it play a role in?

participates in phagocytosis and dies (as in acute bacterial pneumonia)

Hemostasis

the arrest of bleeding or stagnation of blood flow (Ch 7)

Sensitivity

the proportion of actual positives results that are correctly identified as such (e.g., the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition) (Ch 7)

Once neutrophils are in peripheral blood what is their life span

very short half-life of 6 to 8 hours.

What are the formed elements in blood?

FORMED ELEMENTS 45% OF BLOOD COMPOSITION WBC (LEUKOCYTES) RBC (ERYTHROCYTES) PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES) ALL MADE IN BONE MARROW FROM STEM CELLS

Analyte

a sample of blood or body fluids that undergoes chemical analysis (Ch 7)

What are the two categories of tests for hematology evaluation?

-Complete blood count (CBC) -Tests of the blood clotting ability of the patient's blood

Where does a neutrophil go once it leaves the bone marrow?

-The circulating blood -Next, it marginates through the wall of the blood vessel and into the surrounding tissues

Complete blood count test characteristics

-This test determines the number of circulating red and white blood cells -In addition, the test determines the number and type of white blood cells present in the circulating blood -Red blood cells are also evaluated for their size and the amount of hemoglobin present

Cytology

the study of cells of the body (Ch 7)

Serum

the watery fluid portion of the blood (Ch 7)

Pseudoneutropenia

a decrease in the neutrophil count associated with cells shifting from the circulatory pool to the marginated pool (Ch 7)

Normocytic

a form of anemia (low red blood cell count) that is somewhat common in elderly people, especially those older than 85 years (Ch 7)

Macrophage

a monocyte that has left the circulation and entered tissue (Ch 7)

left shift

a term used to indicate the presence of a high level of immature white cells in the circulating blood (Ch 7)

Anergy

impaired reaction to antigens administered by skin test (Ch 7)

Spurious

outwardly similar or corresponding to something without having its genuine qualities (Ch 7)

What percentage does the neutrophil make up in the WBC count?

50-70%

How long does it take for neutrophils to be created? Where are they created?

8-12 days Produced in the bone marrow

polycythemia vera

an uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic cells within the bone marrow (Ch 7)

What are the different types of white blood cells?

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes

Hypochloremia

an abnormal decrease in plasma chloride levels (Ch 7)

Hypokalemia

an abnormal decrease in serum potassium levels (Ch 7)

Macrocytic

large cell size (Ch 7)

Specificity

measures the proportion of negative test results that are correctly identified as such. For example, the percentage of healthy people who are correctly identified as not having the condition (Ch 7)

Hypoalbuminemia

reduced blood protein levels (Ch 7)

Hypoglycemia

reduced blood sugar levels (Ch 7, 12)

Microcytic

small cell size (Ch 7)

Hyponatremia

an abnormal decrease in serum sodium levels (Ch 7)

Neutropenia

an abnormal decrease in the circulating neutrophils (Ch 7, 12)

Thrombocytopenia

an abnormal decrease in the circulating platelets (Ch 7, 12)

Anemia

an abnormal decrease in the circulating red blood cells and/or hemoglobin (Ch 7, 8, 18)

Leukopenia

an abnormal decrease in the circulating white blood cell count (Ch 7, 12)

Lymphocytopenia

an abnormal decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes (Ch 7)

Hyperglycemia

an abnormal elevation in blood glucose levels (Ch 7, 12)

Hyperkalemia

an abnormal elevation of plasma potassium (Ch 7)

Hypernatremia

an abnormal elevation of plasma sodium (Ch 7)

Basophilia

an abnormal elevation of the blood basophil count (Ch 7)

Monocytosis

an abnormal increase in circulating monocytes (Ch 7)

Neutrophilia

an abnormal increase in the circulating neutrophils (Ch 7)

Leukocytosis

an abnormal increase in the circulating white blood cell count (Ch 7, 12)

Thrombocytosis

an abnormal increase in the number of circulating blood platelets (Ch 7)

Lymphocytosis

an abnormal increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes (Ch 7)

Eosinophilia

an abnormal increase in the presence of eosinophils (Ch 7)

Polycythemia

an abnormal increase in the red blood cell count (Ch 7, 12)

Blasts

early cells that produce the formed elements in the blood (Ch 7)