Ch. 9: Economic Geography: Agriculture and Primary Activities

___ economic activities are those that harvest or extract something from the Earth.

Primary

Which of these is not a focus of economic geography? A. Influence of cultural factors in supply and demand B. Spatial distribution of political entities C. Factors that make some regions reproductive and others less so D. Classification of economic activities

Spatial distribution of political entities

From 1934 to 2002, the number of farms in the United States ___ A. dropped by more than two thirds B. increased slowly before dropping off in 1995 C. remained essentially unchanged D. flucuated significantly with changes in the economy

dropped by more than two thirds

____ is the growing of crops and tending of livestock.

agriculture

The breeding of fish in freshwater ponds, lakes, or fenced-off coastal bays and estuaries is called _____

aquaculture

In _____ agriculture, farmers produce not to provide foor for themselves, but primarily for a market off the farm itself.

commercial

Planned economies are most commonly associated with _____ states A. federal B. democratic C. impoverished D. communist E. industrial

communist

Which type of environment is the largest source of fish? A. continental shelves B. high seas C. river waters D. inland seas

continental shelves

Which type of environment is the largest source of fish? A. high seas B. inland seas C. river waters D. continental shelves

continental shelves

What is the consequence of exceeding the maximum sustainable yield in fishing? A. lower fish prices B. depletion of fish stocks C. excess supply of fish D. increased fish in diet

depletion of fish stocks

What is the consequence of exceeding the maximum sustainable yield of fishing? A. excess supply of fish B. increased fish in diet C. depletion of fish stocks D. lower fish prices

depletion of fish stocks

About 15% of the world's fish harvest is used for _____ A. livestock feed and fertilizer B. human consumption C. construction materials D. medicinal purposes

livestock feed and fertilizer

A ____ economy is one where the production of goods and services is driven by supply and demand.

market

Agriculture in ______commonly takes place on collective farms and agricultural communes rather than on privately owned farms.

planned economies

The image shows the division of workers in an economy between primary activities (orange), secondary activities (green), and tertiary (yellow) activities. Based on the division shown, this economy is largely A. industrial B. postindustrial C. agricultural

postindustrial

____ economic activities are those that add value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful commodities.

secondary

Also known as slash-and-burn _______________ is a type of subsistence agriculture that is commonly found in warm, wet tropical climates.

shifting cultivation

High-grade metallic ores are likely to be ____, whereas low-grade ores are more likely to be ____ A. mined extensively; left in the ground until prices increase B. copper and gold; iron and lead C. large in size; small and concentrated D. shipped to market for refining; refined on-site at the mine

shipped to market for refining; refined on-site at the mine

A _______ economy is one in which goods and services are created for the use of the producers and their kinship groups, with little exchange of goods

subsistence

In most of Africa, much of Latin America, and most of southern and eastern Asia, the majority of the people satisfy their food needs through _____ A. nomadic herding B. government food programs C. hunting and gathering D. subsistence agriculture

subsistence agriculture

Advocates of ____ believe in smaller farms and greater crop diversity. A. shifting cultivation B. sustainable agriculture C. the Green Revolution D. plantation farming

sustainable agriculture

In the 1960s the dominant theory of economic development described normal development from subsistence agriculture through a(n) ________ stage of increasing investment in infrastructure and human capital, ultimately leading to an "age of mass production and consumption." A. advancement B. assisted C. industrial D. takeoff

takeoff

One of the most important factors in determing where low-value materials such as aggregates will be mined is A. the cost of extraction B. the cost of transportation C. the need for on-site processing D. the availability of government subsidies

the cost of transportation

Preagricultural societies that rely on hunting and gathering for their food ____ A. can be found only in the Amazon Basin B. are few and declining C. exist in isolated pockets within the low altitudes D. can be found in parts of the Arctic E. have been entirely replaced by agricultural societies

1. are few and declining 2. exist in isolated pockets within the low altitudes 3. can be found in parts of the Arctic

Which of the following are examples of tertiary economic activities? A. foresty B. electronics manufacturing C. university systems D. wireless providers E. banking

1. banking 2. wireless providers 3. university systems

Common examples of plantation crops are ________ A. tomatoes B. corn C. tobacco D. rubber E. coffee

1. coffee 2. tobacco 3. rubber

Which two of these are paths to promoting increased food production? A. improve transportation networks B. increase the production of processed food products C. expand land area under cultivation D. increase demand for food products E. increase crop yields from existing farmlands

1. expand land area under cultivation 2. increase crop yields from existing farmlands

Which of the following are barriers to increased food production through the use of genetically modified food crops? A. a lack of adequate farmland for large commercial GM farms B. a lack of new innovations in GM crops C. fear of ecological consequences of GM crops D. consumer resistance of GM food E. the cost of new biotechnologies

1. fear of ecological consequences of GM crops 2. consumer resistance to GM food 3. the cost of new bio-technologies

Which of the following are examples of intensive commercial agriculture? A. fruit crops B. dairy production C. vegetable crops D. livestock ranching E. wheat crops

1. fruit crops 2. vegetable crops 3. dairy production

Which of these are examples of nonmarket controls on commercial agriculture? A. a minimum price is set for corn B. pubic demand for rice increases C. subsidies are provided to dairy farmers D. government places restrictions on acreage used for soy beans E. bumper crop increases supply of wheat

1. government places restrictions on acreage used for soy beans 2. subsides are provided to dairy farmers 3. a minimum price is set on corn

Although the Green Revolution increased world food production, the price for this has included _____ A. groundwater depletion B. decrease in food security C. intensive livestock raising methods D. an increase in cultivatable land areas E. a loss of traditional agriculture

1. groundwater depletion 2. decrease in food security 3. a loss of traditional agriculture

Which of the following are characteristics of intensive subsistence farming? A. high yields per unit area of land B. intermittent cultivation C. low or no use of fertilizers D. large inputs of labor per unit area of land E. polyculture (production of several different crops)

1. high yields per unit area of land 2. large inputs of labor per unit area of land 3. polyculture (production of several different crops)

Which of the following are characteristics of a Mediterranean climate? A. winter rain and summer drought B. cold, dry winters C. hot, dry summers D. warm temperatures year-round E. warm, humid summers

1. hot, dry summers 2. winter rain and summer drought 3. warm temperatures year round

Agricultural societies are classified on the bases of the _______ A. average size of farms B. number of people engaged in farming C. importance of off-farm sales D. level of mechanization

1. importance of off farm sales 2. level of mechanization

Which of these would be considered primary economic activities? A. industrial farming of cattle B. ore processing at a mine C. fishing through agriculture D. forestry E. cloth production from wool F. mineral extraction

1. industrial farming of cattle 2. fishing through agriculture 3. forestry 4. mineral extraction

Which of the following are characteristics of commercial agriculture in modern, developed countries? A. specialization in terms of crops or livestock animals B. low-yield methods but farming over wide areas C. located close to market centers such as large towns and cities D. interdependence of producers with buyers E. off-farm trade is the primary goal of production

1. interdependence of producers with buyers 2. off-farm trade is the primary goal of production 3. specialization in terms of crops or livestock animals

What are the three primary forces that determine whether a metallic mineral deposit will be mined? A. environmental concerns B. distance to markets C. availability of water for processing D. the quantity of metal in deposit E. the richness of the ore

1. quantity of metal in the deposit 2. the richness of the ore 3. the distance to market

The recent increase in the number of farms in the United States has been attributed to ______ A. an increase in urban subsistence farming in response to the recession B. the collapse of the agribusiness economy due to falling corn prices C. rising demand for organic and locally sourced food D. an increase in the number of small lifestyle or retirement farms

1. rising demand for organic and locally sourced food 2. an increase in the number of small lifestyle or retirement farms

Which of the following are environmental problems associated with marine aquaculture? A. transference of disease to wild stock B. pollution from fish waste C. desalination due to introduction of fresh water D. overfishing of farmed market E. genetic damage to wild stock

1. transference of disease to wild stock 2. pollution from fish waste 3. genetic damage to wild stock

Less than ____ of the world's population are still predominantly engaged in tropical shifting cultivation A. 2% B. 0.5% C. 3% D. 1%

3%

____ industries are primary industries that remove nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic resources from the Earth's crust.

Extractive

_____ industries are primary industries based on harvesting the natural bounty of renewable resources

Gathering

___ is a measure of the total domestic and foreign value added of all goods and services claimed by residents of a country during a year. A. Gross National Incomes (GNI) B. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) C. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) D. Manufacturing Output Index (MOI)

Gross National Incomes (GNI)

______ subsistence agriculture involves the cultivation of small land holdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor per acre. Yields per unit and population densities are both high.

Intensive

According to von Thunen, when the cost of production and transport equals the value of the commodity at the market, the farmer is at the _____ A. transportation limit of production B. critical price point C. outer agricultural zone D. economic margin of cultivation

economic margin of cultivation

Large farms on cheaper land, where both the labor requirements and yield per unit area are low, are characterisitcs of ____ A. intensive commercial agriculture B. truck farms C. extensive commercial agriculture D. shifting cultivation

extensive commercial agriculture

Livestock ranching is an example of A. the Green Revolution B. nomadic herding C. extensive commercial agriculture D. intensive commercial agriculture E. vertical integration

extensive commercial agriculture

What is livestock-grain farming? A. raising of specialized livestock that can live entirely on grain B. growing of grain to be fed to livestock on the same farm C. small-scale subsistence farming consisting of one animal and a small plot for grain D. growing of specialized grain to be transported to livestock-producing regions closer to market areas

growing of grain to be fed to livestock on the same farm

Before there was farming, the universal forms of primary production were ____ and ____.

hunting and gathering

The total amount of human food produced worldwide has _______ since 1950 A. increased tenfold B. almost tripled C. remained stable D. more than doubled

more than doubled

The most extensive type of land use agriculture, with the greatest amount of land area per person sustained, is ___ A. industrial farming B. hunting and gathering C. nomadic herding D. shifting cultivation

nomadic herding

Developing countries are more dependent on trade of ____ commodities than developed countries.

primary

Humankind's basic economic concern is ____ A. producing or securing sufficient food resources B. free trade of goods and services C. a stable currency and low inflation D. controlling population growth

producing or securing sufficient food resources

___ agriculture is a rapidly growing activity, with some 800 million city farmers worldwide producing 15% to 20% of the world's total food production.

urban

A contractual arragnement, or ______ ______ occurs when production, processing and sales are closely coordinated between a farmer and purchaser-processor; for example, when a fast food chain contracts with a farmer for a particular kind of potato.

vertical integration