Chapter 05 Minerals

How is chloride different from chlorine? a. Chloride is chlorine's anion. b. Chloride has more protons than chlorine. c. Chloride has fewer protons than chlorine. d. A and B are correct. e. A and C are correct.

a. Chloride is chlorine's anion.

Trace amounts of impurity in a mineral can commonly produce significant differences in ____________ among individual crystals of this mineral. a. color b. specific gravity c. luster d. streak

a. color

Which of the following minerals is hardest? a. quartz b. calcite c. talc d. fluorite

a. quartz

The most abundant minerals belong to chemical group termed the ____________. a. silicates b. carbonates c. halides d. oxides

a. silicates

In nature most examples of minerals do NOT grow as large, well-formed, euhedral crystals. a. true b. false

a. true

Two different distinct minerals may have the same chemical formula. a. true b. false

a. true

The most recently formed portion of any crystal is always found ____________. a. deep within the interior b. on the outer edges

b. on the outer edges

Minerals utilized by humans as a source of metal are termed ____________. a. metallic minerals b. ore minerals c. source minerals

b. ore minerals

When in contact with hydrochloric acid, which mineral gives off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas? a. quartz b. halite c. calcite d. fluorite

c. calcite

Natural glass is NOT considered a mineral because it ____________. a. is not produced by geologic processes b. is organic c. does not have a fixed crystalline structure d. can be made synthetically as well as being a naturally occurring substance

c. does not have a fixed crystalline structure

Gemstones are commonly found in pegmatites, which are igneous rocks that are ____________. a. exceptionally mafic b. extrusive, forming from lava c. exceptionally coarse grained d. exceptionally fine grained

c. exceptionally coarse grained

The shininess of a mineral is a helpful diagnostic property termed ____________. a. color b. specific gravity c. luster d. streak

c. luster

The vast majority of mineral types _____________ . a. are quite common b. are rare c. form under special conditions d. occur in a variety of rock types e. A and D are both correct. f. B and C are both correct.

f. B and C are both correct.

Which of the following is NOT a way crystals can form? a. solidification of a melt b. precipitation from solution c. solid-state diffusion d. biomineralization e. precipitation from gas f. None of the above are correct.

f. None of the above are correct.

Two types of bonds that depend upon polarity are ____________ and ____________. a. hydrogen bonds; van der Waals bonds b. ionic bonds; covalent bonds c. hydrogen bonds; metallic bonds d. ionic bonds; van der Waals bonds

a. hydrogen bonds; van der Waals bonds

The internal ordering of mineral crystals is detected using ____________. a. magnetic resonance imaging b. X-ray diffraction c. a scanning electron microscope (SEM) d. cathodized axial tomography

b. X-ray diffraction

Cleavage in minerals refers to ____________. a. a tendency to break in an irregular pattern b. a tendency to break along planes of weakness c. the sharpness of edges between crystal faces d. the development of distinct crystal faces

b. a tendency to break along planes of weakness

Minerals are classified into groups primarily on a basis of ____________. a. chemistry, specifically the cations within the chemical formula b. chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula c. hardness; hard, soft, and medium are the three primary classes d. number of cleavage directions present

b. chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula

Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern termed ____________. a. glassy b. conchoidal c. serpentine d. obtuse

b. conchoidal

Five trillion atoms can fit into the head of an atom. Which of the following is in the correct order of smallest to largest? a. atom, nucleus, proton, electron b. electron, proton, nucleus, atom c. proton, electron, nucleus, atom d. atom, electron, nucleus, proton

b. electron, proton, nucleus, atom

The diamonds we see today do not display their natural crystal faces, but rather ____________, a typical engagement ring bearing 57 of them. a. faces b. facets c. cleavage planes d. facades

b. facets

A single mineral may take on multiple crystalline lattice structures. a. true b. false

b. false

All minerals are chemical compounds (composed of more than one element). a. true b. false

b. false

All minerals are held together by ionic bonds. a. true b. false

b. false

Diamond and graphite are both polymorphs of pure silicon. a. true b. false

b. false

It is rare for mineral crystals to display any sort of symmetry (invariance of pattern with respect to a transformation, such as rotation or mirror-image reflection). a. true b. false

b. false

The most useful diagnostic property of minerals is their color in a hand sample. a. true b. false

b. false

Topaz, with Mohs hardness of 8, is twice as hard as fluorite, with Mohs hardness of 4. a. true b. false

b. false

Minerals that do not possess cleavage are said to possess ____________. a. invulnerability b. fracture c. solidity d. massiveness

b. fracture

In which type of silicate are the greatest proportion of oxygen atoms shared by pairs of adjacent tetrahedra? a. chain silicates b. framework silicates c. sheet silicates d. Sharing of oxygen atoms does not occur in silicates.

b. framework silicates

The silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all the silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element? a. magnesium b. oxygen c. iron d. carbon

b. oxygen

The ____________ of new solid grains called _____________ results from oversaturated solutions. a. precipitate; precipitation b. precipitation; precipitate

b. precipitation; precipitate

With regard to minerals, hardness refers to ____________. a. the ability to resist breaking when being struck with a hammer b. the ability to resist being scratched by other substances c. the ability to resist chemical reactions with other substances d. an absence of cleavage

b. the ability to resist being scratched by other substances

Minerals in geodes (see below) form spectacular euhedral crystals because ____________. a. all of the elements incorporated in the crystals are in plentiful supply b. the crystals have abundant room to grow in their hollow surroundings c. minerals within geodes are always framework silicates d. minerals within geodes always contain iron

b. the crystals have abundant room to grow in their hollow surroundings

Ore minerals, such as galena and hematite, tend to be distinct in their very ____________. a. dark coloration b. diamond-like crystal habit c. great specific gravity d. vitreous luster

c. great specific gravity

Which common mineral is found in most kitchens? a. flour b. sugar c. halite d. mustard

c. halite

For the majority of minerals, the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is ____________. a. likely to be diagnostic only if the mineral is hard enough to scratch porcelain b. more variable than the color in a hand sample among crystals c. less variable than the color in a hand sample among crystals d. always dark brown or black

c. less variable than the color in a hand sample among crystals

Which common gemstone results from biomineralization? a. diamonds b. garnets c. pearls d. sapphires

c. pearls

Which of the following is NOT a mineral? a. quartz b. diamond c. petroleum d. gold

c. petroleum

Which of the following minerals is softest? a. quartz b. calcite c. talc d. fluorite

c. talc

In silicate minerals, tetrahedra may be coordinated to form ____________. a. long one-dimensional chains b. extensive two-dimensional sheets c. massive three-dimensional frameworks d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a mineral? a. petroleum (oil), which is a liquid b. cubic zirconia, which is a synthetic diamond substitute that is not found in nature c. ice, which is water in the solid state d. Neither A nor B are minerals; however, C is a mineral.

d. Neither A nor B are minerals; however, C is a mineral.

The single property that can be used to identify any mineral is ____________. a. color b. luster c. cleavage d. None of the above are correct; multiple properties must be used to diagnose a mineral.

d. None of the above are correct; multiple properties must be used to diagnose a mineral.

Minerals are all naturally occurring solid substances with a definable chemical composition. They must also possess ____________. a. an ability to be synthesized in the laboratory as well as being found in nature b. metallic elements, such as iron, calcium, or magnesium c. metallic luster d. a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions)

d. a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions)

Which two gems are special versions of the common mineral corundum (Al2O3)? a. emeralds and rubies b. emeralds and sapphires c. aquamarines and emeralds d. sapphires and rubies

d. sapphires and rubies

The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed ____________. a. color b. specific gravity c. luster d. streak

d. streak

The New Age practice of surrounding one's self with crystals has a strong positive effect on ____________. a. mental health b. the immune system's response to illness c. the prospects for world peace d. the bank accounts of rock shop owners

d. the bank accounts of rock shop owners