Chapter 1-3
Theoretical approach
A basic image of society that guides thinking and research
Social -Conflict approach
A frame work for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
Structural- Function approach
A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
The symbolic interaction approach
A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the every day interactions of individuals
The race conflict approach
A point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnicity categories
Gender conflict approach
A point of view that focuses on inequality between women and men
Which early sociologist coined the term sociology in 1838
Auguste Comte
Folkways
Customs or desirable behaviors
Ethnography
Detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people over a period of years
Laws
Formally encoded norms
which woman among the first sociologists studied the evils of slavery and also translated the writings of Auguste Comte
Harriet Martineau
Mores
Have great moral significance
Non material culture
Intangible; aspects of our way of life E: thoughts and beliefs
Ethnocentrism
Is the tendency to view ones won group and its cultural expectations as right, proper, and many times superior to others
Which early sociologist studied patterns of suicide
Karl Marx
Which term refers to the recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern
Manifest function
Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?
Material culture
Beliefs
More specific ideas about life and how society works
Ideal culture
Practices, beliefs and values that are most desirable
The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture.
Real; Ideal
Sanctions
Rewards and punishments used to reinforce norms
Norms
Rules or behaviors shared by a society
Cultural relativism
Setting aside prejudices to understand another culture
Values
Shared judgements about what is desirable or undesirable
Taboo
Strongest mores considered unthinkable: incest
Material culture
Tangible things; things important to our way of life
What does the sociological perspective tell us about whom any individual chooses to marry?
The operation of society guides many of our personal choices
Which theoretical approach is closest to that take by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim
The structural functional approach
Sociology
The systematic study of human society
Real culture
The way things in society are actually done
Science is defined by
a logical system that bases knowledge on direct systematic observation
sociologists define a symbol as
anything that has meaning topple who share a culture
Culture is a source of human freedom because
as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves. culture is habitual.
The discipline of sociology first developed in
countries experiencing rapid social change
subcultures refers to
cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population
which of the following is not a defining trait of a cause and effect relationship
each variable must be shown to be independent of the other
A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying
ethnocentrism
interpretive sociology is a research orientation that
focuses on the meanings people attach to behavior
A good example of cultural lag is
gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so.
A feminist theoretical analysis of language in the U.S. suggests that cultural patterns support
gender inequality
us culture holds a strong belief in
individuality
empirical evidence refers to
information people can verify with their senses
which of the following is a description of ethnocentrism
judging another culture using the standards of your own culture
in participant observation the problem of breaking in to a setting is often solved with the help of a
key informant
cheating on a final examination is an example of violating campus
mores
Culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because
much culture is habit, which members of a society repeat again and again.
of all the world's countries the united states is the most
multicultural
ideas created by members of a society are part of
non material culture
Which of the following illustrates a micro-level focus
observing two new dormitory roommates getting to know one another
Sociology social conflict approach draws attention to
patterns of social inequality
Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that
relies on culture to ensure survival.
The personal value of studying sociology includes
seeing the opportunities and constraints in our lives
A theory that explains how schooling helps prepare young people for the work they will do as adults represents the
structural-functional approach.
Language
system of symbols and the foundation of every culture
sociologists use the term Cultural Lag to refer to
that fact that some elements of culture change faster that others
to study the effects on test performance of playing soft music during an exam, a researcher conducts an experiment in which one test-taking class hears music and another does not. according to the chapter discussion of the experiments the class hearing the music is called
the experimental group
what is the term for the value that occurs most often in a series of numbers
the mode
which theoretical approach focuses on the link between culture and social inequality
the social conflict approach
Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism?
the social-conflict approach
which region of the US has the largest share of people who speak a language other than english at home
the southwest
we can correctly say that two variables are correlated if
their values vary together
when trying to measure peoples social class you would have to keep in mind that
there are many ways to operationalize this variable
when measuring any variable reliability refers to
whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results