Chapter 1-3

Theoretical approach

A basic image of society that guides thinking and research

Social -Conflict approach

A frame work for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

Structural- Function approach

A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

The symbolic interaction approach

A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the every day interactions of individuals

The race conflict approach

A point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnicity categories

Gender conflict approach

A point of view that focuses on inequality between women and men

Which early sociologist coined the term sociology in 1838

Auguste Comte

Folkways

Customs or desirable behaviors

Ethnography

Detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people over a period of years

Laws

Formally encoded norms

which woman among the first sociologists studied the evils of slavery and also translated the writings of Auguste Comte

Harriet Martineau

Mores

Have great moral significance

Non material culture

Intangible; aspects of our way of life E: thoughts and beliefs

Ethnocentrism

Is the tendency to view ones won group and its cultural expectations as right, proper, and many times superior to others

Which early sociologist studied patterns of suicide

Karl Marx

Which term refers to the recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern

Manifest function

Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?

Material culture

Beliefs

More specific ideas about life and how society works

Ideal culture

Practices, beliefs and values that are most desirable

The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture.

Real; Ideal

Sanctions

Rewards and punishments used to reinforce norms

Norms

Rules or behaviors shared by a society

Cultural relativism

Setting aside prejudices to understand another culture

Values

Shared judgements about what is desirable or undesirable

Taboo

Strongest mores considered unthinkable: incest

Material culture

Tangible things; things important to our way of life

What does the sociological perspective tell us about whom any individual chooses to marry?

The operation of society guides many of our personal choices

Which theoretical approach is closest to that take by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim

The structural functional approach

Sociology

The systematic study of human society

Real culture

The way things in society are actually done

Science is defined by

a logical system that bases knowledge on direct systematic observation

sociologists define a symbol as

anything that has meaning topple who share a culture

Culture is a source of human freedom because

as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves. culture is habitual.

The discipline of sociology first developed in

countries experiencing rapid social change

subcultures refers to

cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population

which of the following is not a defining trait of a cause and effect relationship

each variable must be shown to be independent of the other

A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying

ethnocentrism

interpretive sociology is a research orientation that

focuses on the meanings people attach to behavior

A good example of cultural lag is

gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so.

A feminist theoretical analysis of language in the U.S. suggests that cultural patterns support

gender inequality

us culture holds a strong belief in

individuality

empirical evidence refers to

information people can verify with their senses

which of the following is a description of ethnocentrism

judging another culture using the standards of your own culture

in participant observation the problem of breaking in to a setting is often solved with the help of a

key informant

cheating on a final examination is an example of violating campus

mores

Culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because

much culture is habit, which members of a society repeat again and again.

of all the world's countries the united states is the most

multicultural

ideas created by members of a society are part of

non material culture

Which of the following illustrates a micro-level focus

observing two new dormitory roommates getting to know one another

Sociology social conflict approach draws attention to

patterns of social inequality

Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that

relies on culture to ensure survival.

The personal value of studying sociology includes

seeing the opportunities and constraints in our lives

A theory that explains how schooling helps prepare young people for the work they will do as adults represents the

structural-functional approach.

Language

system of symbols and the foundation of every culture

sociologists use the term Cultural Lag to refer to

that fact that some elements of culture change faster that others

to study the effects on test performance of playing soft music during an exam, a researcher conducts an experiment in which one test-taking class hears music and another does not. according to the chapter discussion of the experiments the class hearing the music is called

the experimental group

what is the term for the value that occurs most often in a series of numbers

the mode

which theoretical approach focuses on the link between culture and social inequality

the social conflict approach

Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism?

the social-conflict approach

which region of the US has the largest share of people who speak a language other than english at home

the southwest

we can correctly say that two variables are correlated if

their values vary together

when trying to measure peoples social class you would have to keep in mind that

there are many ways to operationalize this variable

when measuring any variable reliability refers to

whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results