Chapter 1

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The sum of all the chemical processes that provide energy for the body to perform work is termed _____________

Metabolism

Many _________________ are antioxidants that may reduce risks of heart disease and certain cancers

Phytochemicals

Reducing hunger through food aid programs is a major goal of the

United Nations

What is considered the most essential nutrient

Water

physiological dose

amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

megadose

amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount

Six major classes of nutrients

carbohydrates, lipids/fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.

Most foods contain a mixture of

carbs, fat, and protein

phytochemicals

compounds made by plants that are not nutrients

empty calories

energy supplied by unhealthy solid fats, added sugars, and/or alcohol

energy density

energy value of a food in relation to the food's weight

A nutrient that must be supplied by food and cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body is called an

essential nutrient

sustainable agriculture

farming methods that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment while meeting the demand for food

The nutrients that provide energy are

fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

bioengineered food (BE food)

food that contains genetic material that has been modified by certain scientific methods

kilocalorie (kcal) or Calorie

heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water 1° Celsius; measure of food energy

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are referred to as

macronutrients

Overweight or obese Americans are an example of

malnutrition and overnutrition

Phytochemicals

may have healthful benefits

_________ refers to all chemical processes that occur in living cells

metabolism

Vitamins and minerals are classified as

micronutrients

dietary supplements

nutrient preparations, certain hormones, and herbal products

essential nutrient

nutrient that must be supplied by food

macronutrients

nutrients needed in gram amounts daily and that provide energy; carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Energy dense but provides some nutrition

nuts

moderation

obtaining adequate amounts of nutrients while balancing calorie intake with calorie expenditure

A centimeter is

one hundredth of a meter

risk factor

personal characteristic that increases a person's chances of developing a disease

Nutrients function by regulating body processes and providing energy for the body

proteins and lipids

bioengineering

scientific techniques that alter an organism's hereditary material

food insecurity

situation in which individuals or families are concerned about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food

cell

smallest living functional unit in an organism

Carbohydrates are

source of energy

deficiency disease

state of health that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet

malnutrition

state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished

chemistry

study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can occur to it

antioxidant

substance that gives up electrons to radicals to protect cells

an antioxidant is a

substance that protects cell components from being damaged or destroyed

Main nutrition-related of healthy people 2030

to improve health by promoting healthy eating and making nutritious foods available

In the United States, the primary cause of preventable cancer deaths is

tobacco use

metabolism

total of all chemical processes that take place in living cells

biotechnology

using living things to manufacture new products

Diet is a

usual pattern of food choices

lifestyle

usual way of living, including dietary practices and physical activity habits

micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

What does scientific study of nutrition include?

-chemicals necessary for body functioning -nutrients -how the body uses nutrients

2.2 pounds equals how many kilograms

1 kilogram or 1000 grams

Three key factors that determine whether a substance is an essential nutrient

1. deficiency disease results when missing from diet 2. deficiency disease is corrected when missing substance is added back to diet 3. scientist can identify the nutrients specific roles in the body and explain why abnormalities occurred when missing from diet

To determine your weight in kilograms, divide your weight in pounds by

2.2

1 inch equals how many centimeters?

2.54 centimeters

How many grams in an ounce?

28 grams

A food with 120 kcal from protein has about ________ grams of protein.

30

A gram of carbohydrate and gram of protein each supplies about how many kcal?

4 kcal

How many grams in a pound?

454 grams

Although alcohol is not a nutrient, a gram of pure alcohol furnishes how many kcal?

7 kcal

A gram of fat provides about how many kcal?

9 kcal

The major role of carbohydrate is to provide the body with

Energy


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