Chapter 1
The sum of all the chemical processes that provide energy for the body to perform work is termed _____________
Metabolism
Many _________________ are antioxidants that may reduce risks of heart disease and certain cancers
Phytochemicals
Reducing hunger through food aid programs is a major goal of the
United Nations
What is considered the most essential nutrient
Water
physiological dose
amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally
megadose
amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount
Six major classes of nutrients
carbohydrates, lipids/fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.
Most foods contain a mixture of
carbs, fat, and protein
phytochemicals
compounds made by plants that are not nutrients
empty calories
energy supplied by unhealthy solid fats, added sugars, and/or alcohol
energy density
energy value of a food in relation to the food's weight
A nutrient that must be supplied by food and cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body is called an
essential nutrient
sustainable agriculture
farming methods that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment while meeting the demand for food
The nutrients that provide energy are
fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
bioengineered food (BE food)
food that contains genetic material that has been modified by certain scientific methods
kilocalorie (kcal) or Calorie
heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water 1° Celsius; measure of food energy
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are referred to as
macronutrients
Overweight or obese Americans are an example of
malnutrition and overnutrition
Phytochemicals
may have healthful benefits
_________ refers to all chemical processes that occur in living cells
metabolism
Vitamins and minerals are classified as
micronutrients
dietary supplements
nutrient preparations, certain hormones, and herbal products
essential nutrient
nutrient that must be supplied by food
macronutrients
nutrients needed in gram amounts daily and that provide energy; carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Energy dense but provides some nutrition
nuts
moderation
obtaining adequate amounts of nutrients while balancing calorie intake with calorie expenditure
A centimeter is
one hundredth of a meter
risk factor
personal characteristic that increases a person's chances of developing a disease
Nutrients function by regulating body processes and providing energy for the body
proteins and lipids
bioengineering
scientific techniques that alter an organism's hereditary material
food insecurity
situation in which individuals or families are concerned about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food
cell
smallest living functional unit in an organism
Carbohydrates are
source of energy
deficiency disease
state of health that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet
malnutrition
state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished
chemistry
study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can occur to it
antioxidant
substance that gives up electrons to radicals to protect cells
an antioxidant is a
substance that protects cell components from being damaged or destroyed
Main nutrition-related of healthy people 2030
to improve health by promoting healthy eating and making nutritious foods available
In the United States, the primary cause of preventable cancer deaths is
tobacco use
metabolism
total of all chemical processes that take place in living cells
biotechnology
using living things to manufacture new products
Diet is a
usual pattern of food choices
lifestyle
usual way of living, including dietary practices and physical activity habits
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
What does scientific study of nutrition include?
-chemicals necessary for body functioning -nutrients -how the body uses nutrients
2.2 pounds equals how many kilograms
1 kilogram or 1000 grams
Three key factors that determine whether a substance is an essential nutrient
1. deficiency disease results when missing from diet 2. deficiency disease is corrected when missing substance is added back to diet 3. scientist can identify the nutrients specific roles in the body and explain why abnormalities occurred when missing from diet
To determine your weight in kilograms, divide your weight in pounds by
2.2
1 inch equals how many centimeters?
2.54 centimeters
How many grams in an ounce?
28 grams
A food with 120 kcal from protein has about ________ grams of protein.
30
A gram of carbohydrate and gram of protein each supplies about how many kcal?
4 kcal
How many grams in a pound?
454 grams
Although alcohol is not a nutrient, a gram of pure alcohol furnishes how many kcal?
7 kcal
A gram of fat provides about how many kcal?
9 kcal
The major role of carbohydrate is to provide the body with
Energy