Chapter 1 - Health and Wellness

An adolescent smoker might think lung cancer happens only to old people. This is an example of which factor of the health belief model?: a. Perceived susceptibility b. Perceived benefits c. Perceived barriers d. Perceived seriousness

a. Perceived susceptibility

Actions that increase one's susceptibility to negative health outcomes are which type of behaviors?: a. Risk b. Influential c. Predetermined d. Reinforcing

a. Risk

Jane is sedentary and obese. What effect, if any, do these have on her dimensions of health?: a. They affect all her dimensions of health. b. They affect her health only if she has a family history of health problems related to obesity. c. They affect her ability to recover from illnesses. d. They affect her physical health only.

a. They affect all her dimensions of health.

Which behavior change model involves six distinct stages and is also known as the stages of change model?: a. Transtheoretical model b. Shaping model c. Health belief model d. Social cognitive model

a. Transtheoretical model

Social factors, biology and genetics, individual behavior, health services, and policymaking all combine to determine a person's health status. a. True b. False

a. True

Jason has three projects due next week. He is frustrated because everything is due at the same time and he doesn't believe it's possible to get all three projects finished. His solution is to forget about the projects and meet up with friends for a night out. Jason has: a. an external locus of control b. self-efficacy. c. self-confidence. d. an internal locus of control.

a. an external locus of control

One of the most important goals of Healthy People 2020 is to: a. eliminate health disparities and improve the health of all population groups. b. reduce health care costs for all Americans. c. increase funding for research on certain diseases such as cancer and diabetes. d. increase the number of public health departments in every state.

a. eliminate health disparities and improve the health of all population groups.

Spiritual health can BEST be described as: a. having a sense of meaning and purpose in one's life. b. holding to religious beliefs learned in childhood. c. not as important as other factors to overall wellness. d. establishing and maintaining fulfilling relationships.

a. having a sense of meaning and purpose in one's life.

The ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental dimensions is the definition of: a. health. b. recovery. c. satisfaction. d. fitness.

a. health.

Overall, the leading cause of death for Americans is: a. heart disease. b. cancer. c. respiratory disease. d. accidents.

a. heart disease.

An example of an enabling factor is: a. living near a hiking trail to encourage walking. b. nagging your parents to stop smoking. c. having friends who say they hate to exercise. d. your spouse deciding to go to the gym with you.

a. living near a hiking trail to encourage walking.

Lower health insurance rates for nonsmokers is an example of a(n): a. manipulative reinforcer b. activity reinforcer. c. social reinforcer. d. possessional reinforcer.

a. manipulative reinforcer

A trait or behavior that a person can actively control, such as eating habits, is a: a. modifiable determinant. b. genetic defect. c. environmental influence. d. nonmodifiable determinant.

a. modifiable determinant.

A trait over which a person has no control, such as height and bone structure, is a(n): a. nonmodifiable determinant. b. environmental influence. c. modifiable determinant. d. genetic defect.

a. nonmodifiable determinant.

Changing your seat in class to one closer to the front to help change your habit of napping during the lecture is an example of: a. situational inducement b. an activity reinforcer. c. social reinforcement. d. negative reinforcement.

a. situational inducement

People with an internal locus of control believe that events turn out as they do based on: a. their own actions. b. fate and luck. c. previous disappointments. d. environmental factors.

a. their own actions.

Beth works part time as a waitress and receives no health insurance benefits from her employer. She purchased a catastrophic injury insurance plan, which provides coverage for hospitalization costs in the event of an accident or injury. Beth is: a. underinsured. b. limited insured. c. uninsured. d. overinsured.

a. underinsured.

The achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions is: a. wellness. b. recovery. c. fitness. d. motivation.

a. wellness.

The six dimensions of wellness: a. affect health independently of each other. b. interact continuously. c. affect either the mind or the body. d. seldom influence one another.

b. interact continuously.

Observing a friend's successful attempt to quit smoking and trying some of the same tactics to quit yourself is an example of: a. envy. b. modeling. c. conforming. d. shaping.

b. modeling.

The stage of change a smoker is in when he or she has no intention of quitting is: a. contemplation. b. precontemplation. c. preparation. d. maintenance.

b. precontemplation.

All of the following factors play a role in health disparities EXCEPT: a. inadequate health insurance b. procrastination. c. geographic location. d. economic status.

b. procrastination.

When a person has support from others to change a behavior, this is an example of a(n): a. enabling factor. b. reinforcing factor. c. contributing factor. d. predisposing factor.

b. reinforcing factor.

Judy strives to stay healthy. When she notices herself engaging in an unhealthy behavior, she makes a plan and takes action to get back on track. No challenge is too tough for her to take on. Judy has: a. self-awareness. b. self-efficacy. c. self-motivation. d. self-control.

b. self-efficacy.

The change model based on three factors (social environment, inner thoughts and feelings, and behaviors) in interaction with each other is known as the: a. health belief model. b. social cognitive model. c. behavior modification model. d. transtheoretical model.

b. social cognitive model.

Life expectancy in the early 1900s was largely determined by a person's: a. hygiene habits. b. susceptibility to infectious disease. c. family history. d. occupation and location.

b. susceptibility to infectious disease.

Which of the following did NOT contribute to increased life expectancy in the early 20th century? a. Antibiotics b. Improved sanitation c. More doctors in metropolitan areas d. Vaccinations

c. More doctors in metropolitan areas

Which health model views diseases and health problems as the result of a person's interaction with his or her social and physical environment?: a. Social model b. Medical model c. Public health model d. Environmental model

c. Public health model

Which change model was created to illustrate how firmly held ideas affect behavior change?: a. Shaping model b. Transtheoretical model c. Social cognitive model d. Health belief model

d. Health belief model

A disabled person can never achieve the highest level of wellness. a. True b. False

b. False

Excessive drug and alcohol consumption and smoking are the primary modifiable determinants related to chronic diseases. a. True b. False

b. False

The absence of disease or illness is the optimal description of health. a. True b. False

b. False

If you set up a small reward to encourage yourself to complete each week's exercise goal, this is an example of which type of reinforcement?: a. Encouraging b. Positive c. Shaping d. Negative

b. Positive

Which of the following were cited by college students in a national survey as major impediments to performing well academically?: a. Repeated strep infections b. Stress, anxiety, and sleep difficulties c. Carrying a too-heavy course load d. Pressure from parents and family member

b. Stress, anxiety, and sleep difficulties

Young adults (15-24) are most likely to die from: a. homicide. b. accidents. c. cancer. d. heart disease.

b. accidents.

The contemporary definition of wellness is: a. living longer than one's parents. b. all factors leading to positive health status or overall well-being. c. the absence of ongoing symptoms or chronic disease. d. the ability to move about freely without pain.

b. all factors leading to positive health status or overall well-being.

Eve is always upset about something, and it seems that she is never really happy. Her mental outlook is likely to adversely affect: a. mainly her physical health b. all six dimensions of her health. c. mainly her emotional health. d. mainly her social health.

b. all six dimensions of her health.

Going out for dinner at your favorite restaurant as a reward for finishing a big project is an example of a(n): a. manipulative reinforcer. b. consumable reinforcer. c. activity reinforcer. d. social reinforcer.

b. consumable reinforcer.

Brenda is going on a ski trip over spring break, and has 12 weeks to get in shape. Brenda purchased an elliptical trainer and started working out on it for 10 minutes each day. Each week, she will increase her workout by 10 minutes until she can exercise for one hour. If she finds that is too rigorous, she will only add 5 minutes to her workout each week. Which of the following behavior-change techniques is Brenda using to get in shape for her trip?: a. Visualization b. Self-talk c. Shaping d. Modeling

c. Shaping

Once you have identified a target behavior that needs to change, your next step is to: a. commit to changing all negative behaviors at the same time. b. consider the possible negative outcomes before proceeding. c. learn more about the behavior, its effects, and possible obstacles. d. see a counselor to help you work out a plan.

c. learn more about the behavior, its effects, and possible obstacles.

The model of health that is concerned with curing disease affecting a particular tissue or organ is the: a. holistic model. b. public health model. c. medical model. d. surgical model.

c. medical model.

A person whose parents smoke is more likely to smoke based on this being a(n): a. reinforcing factor. b. enabling factor. c. predisposing factor. d. contributing factor.

c. predisposing factor.

Family health background and the behaviors of family members are examples of: a. enabling factors. b. motivational factors. c. predisposing factors. d. reinforcing factors.

c. predisposing factors.

The science and profession involved in protecting and improving the health of individuals, families, and communities is: a. disease prevention. b. immunology. c. public health. d. health care.

c. public health.

Having unprotected sex is considered a: a. medical treatment. b. health disparities. c. risk behavior. d. health promotion.

c. risk behavior.

The process of taking small individual steps toward a behavior change goal is: a. journaling. b. preparation. c. shaping. d. action.

c. shaping.

Mrs. H. wants her fifth-grade students to read more. She has a reading graph displayed in the classroom with a blank bar for each student. When a student reads for at least 3 hours in one week, he or she gets to color in one box on their bar. The students enjoy competing for the lead position and being praised by Mrs. H. for their improvements. This is an example of a(n): a. possessional reinforcer. b. manipulative reinforcer. c. social reinforcer. d. activity reinforcer.

c. social reinforcer.

The dimensions of physical health include all of the following EXCEPT: a. the ability to perform activities of daily living. b. sensory acuity and responsiveness. c. the ability to analyze information. d. body size and shape.

c. the ability to analyze information.

Jill has many friends, is respected by her coworkers, and maintains a great relationship with her boyfriend. Her ability to interact with others is an example of which dimension of health?: a. Physical b. Intellectual c. Emotional d. Social

d. Social

Which of the following is an essential prerequisite for changing a behavior?: a. Changing environmental obstacles b. Deciding on several rewards for making the change c. Asking friends for advice d. Wanting to change

d. Wanting to change

Not allowing yourself to think about stage fright and focusing only on the content of your speech when preparing for a presentation is an example of: a. positive reinforcement. b. self-talk. c. self-rewarding. d. blocking and stopping.

d. blocking and stopping.

A disease that begins slowly, progresses over a period of time, and that may resist treatment is a(n): a. hereditary disease. b. acute disease. c. behavioral disease. d. chronic disease.

d. chronic disease.

Differences in health conditions among specific populations are: a. health promotions. b. medical treatments. c. risk behaviors. d. health disparities.

d. health disparities.

A sedentary lifestyle, overuse of caffeine, and risky sexual practices are examples of: a. nonmodifiable determinants of health. b. involuntary determinants of health. c. voluntary determinants of health. d. modifiable determinants of health.

d. modifiable determinants of health.

Taking positive action now to avoid becoming sick later is known as: a. treatment. b. screening. c. intervention. d. prevention.

d. prevention.

Based on a recent cholesterol screening, Marlon decided that he has to stop eating so much fast food and get more exercise. Between work and school, his free time is limited, but he is determined to lower his cholesterol level and improve his overall health. The BEST way for Marlon to stay motivated to improve his diet and work out regularly is to: a. make weekly resolutions for how many times to work out and chastise himself if he hasn't accomplished his planned goal. b. depend on his friends to keep him away from his favorite fast-food restaurants. c. set an ambitious goal and chart daily and weekly progress using online tools. d. set reasonable short- and long-term goals and reward himself for meeting them.

d. set reasonable short- and long-term goals and reward himself for meeting them.

The positive aspects of a person's life, such being satisfied with life in general and having positive emotions, determines one's sense of: a. progress. b. change. c. health. d. well-being.

d. well-being.