Chapter 1 Sociology

Insight into influence

-Beh is result of social factors -behavior is learned, not born racist, not born knowing how to treat ppl (parents and school)

sociological imagination

-ability to see connection b/w larger world and personal life

biology

all of the following are social sciences except

Auguste Comte

the father of sociology

Balance

-b/w personal desires and demands of social environment -focus on demands, no personal growth -focus on desires, often in conflict with society

Economics

-choices ppl make to satisfy their needs and wants -how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed -sociologists interested in effects economic factors have on groups

Anthropology

-discipline closest to sociology -study past and present simple cultures

tolerance

-learn about other lifestyles

Objective outlook

-step back and disassociate yourself from personal feelings

manifest functions

intended consequence- Car A->B

3.) Interactionist Perspective-Weber

-how individuals interact -how ppl respond in everyday situations -interested in meanings that we attach to actions -symbol-something that stands for something else-gestures, salute physical objects, flag

Herbert Spencer-England

-influence by Charles Darwin -theory of evolution -biological model -soc has interdependent parts to work together to maintain system -change and unrest natural-leads to stability and perfection -fittest would survive -Spencer, not Darwin, coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" -his studies known as social Darwinism -refused to read scholars whose opinions differed from his own

Max Weber-Germany

-interested in separate groups within society rather than whole -focused on the effect of society on the individual Verstehen-understand -wanted to understand the meanings individuals attach to actions -putting yourself in another person's shoes-empathy

2.) Conflict Perspective- Karl Marx

-look at what causes competitions and change -interested in nonviolent conflict b/w groups-men/women, young/old -family relationships and how those w/ power use it -feminist perspective is seen as offshoot of conflict -society seen as men dominating women -hope to bring an end to gender inequality

W.E.B. Du Bois

-mixed soc analysis w/ social reform -influenced by Max Weber -felt that race needed to be addressed -helped found the NAACP -views went against the "accepted" views of race -theories discounted

Political science

-studies organization and operation of government

Karl Marx-Germany

-society influenced by econ and divided into 2 parts: owners(bourgeoisie) and workers(proletariat) -imbalance of power leads to conflict, which results in social change -bothered by social conditions produces by capitalist system-long hours, low pay, and poor working conditions -wanted a classless society-each would contribute and be rewarded according to need -wrote Communist Manifesto -didn't consider himself a sociologist but an economist

1.) functionalist perspective-Comte, Spencer, Durkheim

-society is a set of interrelated parts working together to produce a stable society -held together thru consensus-we agree on what's best and work toward that end

Psychology

-studies behavior and mental processes -differs from soc b/c if focuses on individual behavior rather than groups -social psychology-studies how social environment affects an individual

Sociology

-studies human society and social behavior -social interaction- how ppl relate to each other and influence behavior -focus on groups instead of individual -social phenomenon- observable fact -study everyday events

History

-studies ppl and events of the past

Emile Durkheim-France

-taught 1st university sociology class in France -applied methods of science to study of society -concerned with social order (like Comte) -looked at the functions of interdependent parts -functions-consequence element of society for maintaining the social system -focused on religion -shared values and beliefs hold society together tested theories through statistical analysis -conducted first study of suicide

Jane Addams- American Scholar

-wanted to help the poor -surveyed the poor to find out living conditions -considered a social worker instead of a sociologist

Harriet Martineau-England

-wrote Society in America-deals w/ family, marriage, race relations, and religion -set the tone for objectivity in writing -scholar promote change to solve problems in society

Early European Scholars

1. Auguste Comte 2. Harriet Martineau 3. Herbert Spencer 4. Karl Marx 5. Emile Durkheim 6. Max Weber

American Scholars

1. Jane Addams 2. W.E.B. Du Bois

Thinking like a sociologist

1. Objective Outlook 2. insight into influence 3. balance 4. tolerance 5. sociological imagination

manifest functions

the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions

Social sciences

1. Sociology 2. Anthropology 3. Psychology 4. Economics 5. Political Science 6. History

wanted to correct social ills

The following statement does not apply to Spencer

social sciences

related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behaviors

Auguste Comte-France

-founder of sociology -social order and change -social statistics hold society together & offer stability -social dynamics-elements change -suffered from depression, practiced cerebral hygiene-keeping a pure mind -refused to read or study other scholar's works

Sigmund Freud

All of the following were early sociologists except

interactionist

focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society

social facts

group's recurring patterns of behavior

theoretical perspectives

conflict, functionalist, and interactionist

cerebral hygiene

keeping a pure mind

social integration

Emilie Durkheim is most identifies with which of the following areas of study

Verstehen

Empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions

Verstehen

Max Weber was a German sociologist who introduced the concept of

symbol

anything that stands for something else and has a shared meaning

Karl Max

believed the economy affects social structure

bourgeoisie

capitalists who own the means of production

social integration

degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds

theoretical perspective

general sets of assumptions about the nature of things -the nature of social life

symbolic interactionism

interaction between people that takes place through the use of symbols

interactionist

interested in the meanings that individuals attach to their actions and to the actions of others

sociological perspective

looking at social life in a scientific, systematic way

dysfunctions

negative consequences an element has for the stability of social system

feminist perspective

offshoot of conflict perspective

Industrial Revolution

one factor that led to the development of sociology as a field of study was

workers and owners

proletariat and bourgeoisie

sociology

science that studies human society and social behavior

conflict

sees competition over scarce resources as the basis of social conflict

symbolic interactionists

sociologists who analyze how social life depends on the ways that people define themselves and others are most likely

conflict perspective

theoretical perspective that focuses on those forces in society that promote competition and change

latent function

unintended consequence- car, status

functionalist

views society as a set of interrelated parts working together to produce a stable social system

functionalist

views various elements of society in terms of functions

hypothetical

which of the following is not a theoretical perspective