management midterm
a creative mind; English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist; considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence, but never recognized in his home country because of his homosexuality
Alan turing
refers to programs an employer uses to supplement employees' compensation; paid time off, medical insurance, company car, alternative work schedules, counseling, vacation and sick time
benefits
a well motivated workforce can provide several advantages:
better productivity lower level of absenteeism lower level of staff turnover
group decision making process in which negative feedback on any suggested alternative by an group member is forbidden until all members have presented alternatives they perceive as valuable
brainstorming
a group decision making process in which negative feedback on any suggested alternative by any group member is forbidden until all members have presented alternatives they perceive as valuable
brainstorming technique
what is a single-use financial plan that covers a specified length of time. It details how funds will be spent on labor, raw materials, capital goods, marketing, etc.
budget
how is it called a formal statement that acts as a guide for the ethics of how people within a particular organization should act and make decisions?
code of ethics
a formal group that is outlined in the chain of command on an organization chart
command group
formal groups are divided into two groups:
command groups task groups
a group of individuals charged with performing a type of specific activity
committee
two formal groups that are often established in organizations are
committees and work teams
ability to communicate is referred to as the fundamental management skill
communicate to influence
the process of sharing information with other individuals
communication
the skill most responsible for a manager's success
communication
refers to the exchange in monetary terms to the work performed by the employee and is paid by the employee (wage, salary, tips)
compensation
which are the sources outside the organization?
competitors employment agencies readers for certain publications educational institutions
which are the four sources outside the organization
competitors employment agencies readers for certain publications educational institutions
as a strategic HR what can you do to motivate your workers
develop merit, incentive, bonus programs create recognition and review programs
by developing a product or products that customers perceive as being dfiferent from products offered by competitors the organization can become more competitive
differentiation
focuses on making an organization more competitive by its developing a product or products that customers perceive as being different from products offered by competitors
differentiation
the act of treating an issue, person, or behavior unjustly or inequitably on the basis of stereotypes and prejudices
discrimination
_______ training is a learning process to manage a diverse workforce
diversity
refers to characteristics of individuals that shape their identities and experiences they have in society
diversity
a component of organizational culture that encourages the existence of basic human differences among organization members
diversity dimension
a learning process designed to raise managers' awareness and develop their competencies to deal with the issues endemic to managing a diverse workforce
diversity training
the assignment of various portions of a particular task among a number of organization members
division of labor
an orientation characterized by the desire to preserve the status quo is
hoarding orientation
T/F? organizing doesn't maintain relationships among all organizational resources
false
brainstorming doesn't have group members meet face to face (T/F)
false
a strategy that emphasizes making an organization more competitive by targeting a particular customer
focus
managers use their authority to declare that conflict is ended
forcing
the process of predicting future environmental happenings that will influence the operation of the organization
forecasting
groups that exist within an organization by virtue of management decree to perform tasks that enhance the attainment of all organization objectives; these groups are consciously created to serve an organizational objective (ex. airline crew)
formal groups
defined as the relationship among organizational resources as outlined by management; represented by the organization chart
formal structure
the level of an organization's external environment that contains components having broad, long term implications for managing the organization
general environment
to perform an environmental analysis the environment of the organization is generally divided into three distinct levels:
general environment operating environment internal environment
since the interactions of gender, class and racio-ethnicity are embedded in culture and are not fixed or universal, but dynamic and specific to time and place, it is essential to study these differences in their ___________ and _________ contexts in order to design appropriate change interventions
geopolitical, cultural
is a metaphor used to represent an invisible barrier that keeps women and minorities from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy
glass ceiling
what is the role of the manager
guiding organizations toward goals
leaders tend to be focused on coordination and organization; culture characterized by an internal focus along with an emphasis on stability and control, critics argue that the control and rigidity of the model stifle creativity and employee initiative
hierarchy culture
orientation characterized by the desire to preserve the status quo as much as possible; accept little outside help and isolate themselves from others
hoarding orientation
an aspect of organizational culture that encourages the application of new ideas to improve organizational processes, products or services
innovation dimension
defined as the steps managers take to implement creative ideas
innovation process
if you want good quality products you hire inspectors to make sure an operation is producing at the desired quality level
inspection
the ability to mange people during implementation
interacting skill
targets to be achieved in one to five years
intermediate term objectives
process of transmitting information to others.
interpersonal communication
why does organizational culture matter in business?
it influences the behavior of everyone within an organization influences the way people carry out organizational processes and can create immense pressure on organizational members to act in ways consistent with the culture can increase organizational productivity. organization members become more productive as organizational culture increases the emphasis on such factors such as rewarding performance and setting goals
who created the concept of level 5 leadership
jim collins
a __________ communicates job content to employees
job description
a list of specific activities that must be performed by whoever holds the position
job description
cares about and focuses on the people who do the job leading emphasizes behavioral issues a subset of management
leader
the process of directing the behaviors of others toward the accomplishment of an objective. one of the main activities of the influencing subsystem
leadership
at this level you make high quality contributions with your work. You possess useful levels of knowledge and you have the talent and skills needed to do a good job
level 1: highly capable individual
at this level you use your knowledge and skills to help your team succeed. you work effectively, productively, and successfully with other people in your group
level 2: contributing team member
at this level you're able to organize a group effectively to achieve specific goals and objectives
level 3: competent manager
the category most top leaders fall into. here at this level you're able to galvanize a dept or organization to meet performance objectives and achieve a vision
level 4: effective leader
at this level you have a ll the abilities needed for the other four levels, plus you have the unique blend of humility and will required for true greatness
level 5: great leader
a successful coaching leader:
listens closely gives emotional support and personal encouragement shows by example what constitutes appropriate behavior
targets to be achieved in five to seven years
long term objectives
aimed at keeping an organizations facility and equipment functioning at predetermined work levels
maintenance control
third stage in career evolution in which individuals who are 45 to 65 years old show either increased performance, stabilized performance, or decreased performance
maintenance stage
refers to that group of people in the organization who hold most of the positions that command decision making power
majority group
___________ groups are those which hold most of the positions that command decision making ________, control of resources and information and assess to system rewards
majority, power
makes sure a job gets done much broader in scope than is leading
manager
power derived from a mangers relationship with others
personal power
promotes the welfare of others through generous monetary donations to social causes
philanthropy
what are three things recruiters do:
pin point sources of human resources must know where to recruit appropriate people must know what kinds of strategies to use to attract job applicants
during the Roman Empire romans built the colosseum, which one of the management functions did they undertake at the beginning?
planning
the process of determine how the organization can get where it wants to go and what it will do to accomplish its objectives
planning
what are the 4 management functions
planning organizing influencing controlling
three standing plans
policies procedures rules
a standing plan that furnishes broad guidelines for taking action that is consistent with reaching organizational objectives
policy
power derived from the organizational position a manager holds
position power
total power of a manger is made up of two different kinds of power:
position power personal power
the most important human related variable in the control process is...
power
a preconceived judgment, opinion, or assumption about an issue behavior or group of people
prejudice
unearned advantages are a form of privilege or oppression
privilege
standing plan that outlines a series of related actions that must be taken to accomplish a particular task
procedure
sustainable organizations increase profit, technology, and ________
productivity
the employment of ethical business practices can enhance overall corporate health in three important areas:
productivity, stakeholder relations, and government regulation
dolce and gabbana didn't pay attention to diversity in its advertisement in china. what happened to their profits
profits decreased
a single use plan that is designed to carry out a special project within an organization; not intended to exist over the entire life of the organization but rather achieve a purpose that will contribute to the organization's long term success
program
routine and receptive and the organization typically develops specific ways to handle such decisions
programmed decision
two single use plans
programs budgets
in their research gender differences at work: experiencing human resource management policies in Lebanese firm, Hussein and lama aim to?
provide a picture of the current work condition of disabled workers in a middle eastern country
the process of determining appropriate courses of action for achieving organizational objectives and thereby accomplishing the organizational purpose
strategy formulation
involves putting formulated strategies into action
strategy implementation
SWOT analysis means
strengths weaknesses environmental opportunities threats
refers to the designated relationships among resources of the management system
structure
refers to an interpersonal communication situation in which the information the source intends to share with the destination and the meaning the destination derives from the transmitted messages are the same
successful communication
what is the primary mechanism managers use to activate plans?
the organizing function
why does motivation matter in business
the performance of employees is a product of both their abilities (skills and experience) and motivation
what is an informal structure within an organization
the system of network of interpersonal relationships that exists within the organization
in 'Gender Trouble' Butler argues that gender is
performative
tends to be shaped by social relationships, individual norms and values
informal structure
involves circulating questionnaires on a specific problem among group members, sharing the questionnaire results with them and then continuing to recirculate and refine individual responses until a consensus regarding the problem is reached
Delphi technique
when individuals reach a state of harmony and understanding because they are engaged in achieving their full potential
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
which one of the following statements is an unhealthy stereotype of the 'man box'
a manly man doesn't spend too much time on his look and should always act as a breadwinner
which of the following statements is an unhealthy stereotype for women in leadership?
a powerful woman who shows no emotion and keeps it hyper-professional is icy and unfeminine. She is generally single and lonely
what is a management?
a process or series of continuing and related activities involves and concentrates on reaching organizational goals reaches these goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources
when the interpretation of the message is different from what was intended
aberrant decoding
flexibility, lack of structure; contrasts with a bureaucracy, promotes creativity. One will find few rules/procedures in this culture; critics argue lack of defined leadership can lead to a chaotic environment in which responsibilities aren't well understood and important tasks can remain uncompleted
adhocracy culture
brainstorming advantage and disadvantage
advantage: encoring the expression of as many useful ideas as possible disadvantage: wasting the group's time on ideas that are wildly impractical
Delphi advantage and disadvantage
advantage: ideas can be gathered from group members who are too geographically separated or busy to meet face to face. disadvantage: members are unable to ask questions of one another
nominal group technique advantage and disadvantage
advantage: its secret ballot offers a structure in which individuals can support or reject an idea without fear disadvantage: group members have no way of knowing why individuals voted the way they did
the ability to provide the organizational resources necessary to implement a strategy
allocating skills
who is Judith butler
an American philosopher and gender theorist
who is a change agent?
an individual inside or outside the organization who tried to modify the existing organizational situation
how can you reduce resistance to change
avoid surprises promote genuine understanding set the stage for change establish a trial period
managers simply ignore the conflict
avoiding
why are organizational groups important?
because the most common ingredient of all organizations is people
barriers faced by many asian Americans in the professional arena such as stereotypes and racism
bamboo ceiling
many organizations establish this to assist organization members to act in ways that are consistent with the accepted values
code of conduct
whenever managers implement ________, they should be concerned about the ______ the changes may be creating
changes, stress
the process of modifying an existing organization to increase organizational effectiveness
changing an organization
culture that has shared values and goals, teamwork; seems much like that of a family, promotes empowerment and loyalty that will drive productivity and business success, leaders are seen more as mentors and parent figures than bosses, can suffer from lack of diversity and the naturing environment can lead employees to be less productive
clan culture
according to holvino and Castro (2-15): formal and informal organizational practices are embedded in an already ________, _________, and _____________ societal context and culture
classed, raced, gendered
leadership that instructs followers on how to meet the specific organizational challenges they face
coaching
identifies inappropriate behavior in followers and suggests how they might correct that behavior, operates like an athletic coach
coaching leader
the parties to the conflict settle on a solution that gives both of them part of what they wanted
compromising
last management function; the ability to use information and technology to ensure that an event occurs as it was planned to occur
controlling
why are the classical motivation theories being questioned by critical management scholars
conventional motivation theories can be identifies as managerialist: motivation theories are predominantly western in origin and individualism pervades motivation theory
It involves encouraging the completion of individual portions of a task in a synchronized order that is appropriate for the overall task.
coordination
a managerial activity aimed at bringing organizational performance up to the level of performance standards; focuses on correcting the organizational mistakes that hinders organizational peformance
corrective action
is wide ranging control aimed at keeping organizational costs at planned levels
cost control
a strategy that focuses on making an organization more competitive by its producing products more cheaply than competitors can
cost leadership
the capacity to combine existing ideas together in new arrangements; determines how flexibly and imaginatively individuals approach problems
creative thinking
the ability to generate original ideas or new perspectives on existing ideas; involves seeing issues from different angles and breaking away from old rules
creativity
who coined the concept of intersectioanlity
crenshaw
a choice made between two or more available alternatives
decision
last stage in career evolution which involves people about 65 years old whose productivity is declining
decline stage
what is the last stage in career evolution
decline stage
ethical managers are characterized by fairness and justice. What do they use as a major guide when making business decisions?
ethics
what are the components normally considered part of the general environment
economic, social, political, legal, and technological
managers with high levels of emotional intelligence are likely to be successful because they are likely to create an organization culture characterized by trust, learning, informations haring, and risk taking
emotional intelligence
the study of the organizational environment to pinpoint environmental factors that can significantly influence organizational operations
environmental analysis
when managers need to understand what is happening both inside and outside their organizations, which analysis will they need to undertake
environmental analysis
second stage in career evolution during which individuals about 25 to 45 years old start to become more productive or higher performers
establishment stage
the capacity to reflect on values in the corporate decision making process, to determine how these values and decisions affect various stakeholder groups and to establish how managers can use this observations in day to day company maangement
ethics
a facet of organization culture that focuses on making sure an organization emphasizes not only whats good for the organization but also whats good for other human beings
ethics dimension
who are those who are willing to steal ideas as necessary to make good decisions and build their organizations on others ideas
exploitative decision makers
decision makers with this orientation believe that the source of all good is outside themselves and are willing to steal ideas as necessary to make good decisions
exploitative orientation
first stage in career evolution which occurs at the beginning of a career and is characterized by self-analysis and the exploration of different types of available jobs
exploration stage
Firms use LATERAL subdivisions within the organization
horizontal dimension
what are the four basic types of organizational resources
human monetary raw materials capital
the ability to take actions that increase the contributions of individuals within an organization
human resource management
refers to individuals within the organization who make valuable contributions to management system goal attainment
human resources
three skills are important for management performance: technical, conceptual, and __________
human skills
what are some strategies that can help prevent unwanted stressors in an organization?
implement stress management courses create an organizational climate that is supportive of individuals make jobs interesting design and operate counseling programs
organizational members who don't make valuable contributions to the attainment of management system objectives
inappropriate human resources
managers build sustainable organizations to
increase profit, productivity and innovation
in applying intersectionality in organizations: inequality makers, cultural scripts and advancement practices in a professional service firm", Castro and Holvino (2017) stress that career trajectories and advancement in a Mexican firm are over-determined by:
individual employees lived identities sand work interactions shaped by those identities
involves focusing on organization members as people and dealign with such issues as morale, arbitration of conflicts, and development of good, working relationships
influencing
defined as a collection of individuals whose common work experiences result in the development of a system of interpersonal relations
informal groups
is the system of network of interpersonal relationships that exists within the organization's formal structure
informal structure
a type of corporate culture that emphasizes competitiveness not only between the organization and competitors but also between employees; the most aggressive and capitalistic of the 4 common corporate culture models; employers are encouraged to set difficult goals and strive to achieve them
market culture
decisions makers who view themselves as commodities that are only as valuable as the decisions they make
marketing-oriented
is an organizational structure in which each individual reports to more than one supervisor or leader
matrix management
before managers can determine what must be done to make an organization more effective and efficient, they must measure current organizational performance
measuring performance
refers to that group of people in the organization who lack critical power, resources, acceptance, and social status
minority group
a written document developed by managers that describes and explains the mission of the organization is called a
mission statement
the ability to use information to determine whether a problem has arisen that is blocking strategy implementation
monitoring skill
what are the basic steps in conducting a social audit
monitoring, measuring, and appraising all aspects of an organization's social responsibility performance
what are the reasons why companies offer benefits
most benefits aren't taxed so they represent a more valuable reward to employees than an equivalent cash pay and some add value to the employee without additional costs for the employer
people are creative when they are ________ by personal interests, satisfaction and the challenge of work
motivated
the inner state that causes an individual to behave in a way that ensures the accomplishment of some goal. it explains why people act as they do
motivation
if companies buy blood diamonds are they following a code of ethics
no
process designed to ensure each group member has equal participation in making the group decision; each group member writes down idea then presents and chooses it with a secret ballot
nominal group technique
a one shot decision is a non programmed or programmed deciison
non programmed decision
sharing information without words (gestures, vocal tones, fascial expression) they can also be used to add meaning to verbal messages
nonverbal communication
intermediate term objective are targets to be achieved in
one to five years
a group qualifies as a team ______ if its members focus on _________ one another accomplish organizational objectives
only, helping
the ability to modify an organization to enhance its contribution to reaching company goals
organizational change skill
how members of an organization experience the culture of an organization; based on psychology
organizational climate
the set of assumptions, beliefs, values and norms that are shared by an organization's member, can be thought of as the personality of the organization
organizational culture
the target toward which the open management system is directed
organizational objective
is what the organization exists to do, given a particular group of customers and customer needs
organizational purpose
raw materials are _________
organizational resources
why are benefits important?
organizations want to attract the best candidates and increase employees motivation and satisfaction
process of establishing orderly uses for resources within the management system
organizing
the ability to create throughout the organization a network of people who can help solve implementation problems as they occur
organizing skill
classes of exceptions where aberrant decodings could have happened
people who didn't share the same language people trying to interpret meanings of past cultures people who came from different cultures
an element of organization culture that focuses on making sure a product, in the opinion of the customer, does what its supposed to do
quality dimension
the initial attraction and screening of the supply of prospective Human Resources available to fill a position; purpose is to narrow a large field of prospective employees to a small group from which someone will eventually be hired
recruitment
what are the four sequential steps managers follow to provide appropriate Human Resources to fill both managerial and nonmanegerial openings
recruitment selection training performance appraisal
what are the five main steps of the organizing process
reflect on plans and objectives establish major tasks divide major tasks into subtasks allocate resources and directives for subtasks evaluate results of organizing strategy
both managers and employees should examine their own thoughts honestly and should reach a mutually agreed upon related strategy
resolving
process that pairs a senior employee with a junior employee for the purpose of transferring work skills such as internet skills from the junior employee to the more senior employee
reverse mentoring
a standing plan that designates specific required action; indicates what an organization member should or should not do
rule
recruiters need to choose an individual to hire from all those who have been recruited
selection
place high value on service to others over their own self interests, maintain that Human Resources are the most valuable resources in organizations and constantly strive to transform their followers into wiser individuals
servant leader
a leadership philosophy in which the main goal of the leader is to serve
servant leadership
what is a key component of diversity planning
setting goals for the recruitment of members of underrepresented groups
targets to be achieved in one year or less
short term objectives
a plan used only once or at most a few times because it focuses on unique or rare situations within the organization
single use plan
the process of measuring the present social responsibility activities of an organization to assess its performance in this area
social audit
the managerial obligation to take action that protects and improves both the welfare of society as a whole and the interests of the organization
social responsibility
the degree of effectiveness and efficiency an organization displays in pursuing its social responsibilities
social responsiveness
interpersonal communication process must have 3 basic elements
source/encoder the signal (a message) the decoder/destination
an aspect of organizational culture that encourages organization members to integrate spiritual and work life; listening to worship music, performing mediation, having objects int he workplace as reminders of ones spiritual beliefs
spirituality dimension
level of activity established to serve as a model for evaluating organizational performance
standard
a policy: is it a standing or a single use plan?
standing plan
a procedure: is it a standing or a single use plan
standing plan
plan used over and over again because it focuses on organizational situations that occur repeatedly
standing plan
a positive or negative assessment of members of a group or their perceived attributes
stereotype
the last step of the strategic management process, consists of monitoring and evaluating the strategic management process as a whole to ensure that it is operating properly
strategic control
process of ensuring that an organization possess and benefits from the use of an appropriate organizational strategy
strategic management
the long range planning that focuses not he organization as a whole
strategic planning
an organization that has the ability to meet its present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
sustainable organization
a short range planning that emphasizes the current operations of various parts of an organization
tactical planning
a formal group of organization members who interact with one another to accomplish most of the organization's non routine tasks. Although these groups are usually made of members of the same organizational level, they can consist of people from different levels int he organizational hierarchy
task groups
a group whose members influence one another toward the accomplishment of organizational objecgtives
team
definition of division labour
the assignment of various portions of a particular task among a number of organization members
are assessment centers a place or a program
they are programs in which participants engage in and are evaluated on a number of individual and group exercises constructed to stimulate important activities at the organizational level to which aspire
why should managers spend time evaluating the changes they want to make
they need to determine whether the steps taken to make the change should be modified to increase organizational effectiveness the next time those steps are used
what is the affirmative purpose of planning
to increase the degree of organizational success
what is the protective purpose of planning
to minimize risk by reducing the uncertainties business conditions and clearing the consequences of related management actions
what is the purpose of recruitment?
to narrow a large field of prospective employees to a relatively small group of individuals from which someone eventually will be hired
the process of developing qualities in Human Resources that will enable them to be more productive
training
what is the process of developing qualities in Human Resources that will enable them to be more productive
training
leaders who create a vision of what the organization should be, build commitment to that vision through the organization, facilitate organizational changes that support the vision
transformational leaders
the individual at the top possesses the most authority
vertical dimension
T/F: 'Gender' can impact the workplace
true
an Italian novelist, literacy critic, philosopher, semiotician and university professor who said aberrant decodings were rare in preindustrial societies when most communication occurred between people who shared the same culture
umberto eco
typically a one shot decision that is usually less structured than a programmed decision
unprogrammed decision
it uses either spoken or written words to share information with others
verbal interpersonal communication
when does resistant to change occur within an organization
when organization members are afraid fo reduction in personal prestige/personal failure bc of their inability to carry out new job responsibilities/a disturbance of established social and working relationships
the employee who reports the alleged activities
whistle blower
the act of an employee reporting suspected misconduct or corruption believed to exist within the organization
whistle blowing
in their research gender differences at work: experiencing human resource management policies in Lebanese firm, Hussein and Lama (2015) show that
women's expectations at work were met to a larger extent than mens in Lebanon
task groups and problem solving teams, they usually meet weekly to discuss ways to improve quality and efficiency
work teams
what does it happen if a job is extremely specialized and boring?
workers feel like they are treated like machines
what refers to individuals being isolated or excluded socially and having their work efforts devalued?
workplace bullying
does planning focus on the organization as a whole
yes
can privilege and oppression change from one locality to another
yes they can