Chapter 10

4 great virtues

The first is economic adequacy, to ensure adequate nourishment, housing, health care, and other essentials of life. The second is justice, to ensure equality in work, education, and health. The third is freedom, in contrast to coercion and confinement. And the fourth is peacefulness, in contrast to conflict and warfare (Bubolz and Sontag)

family ecology

an adaptation of human ecology theory to the family as an ecosystem, in which family is defined as an energy transformation system. the components of the family ecosystem are the human-built environment, the social-cultural environment, and the natural physical-biological environment

BS identified 3 major assumptions about human-environment relations

(1) Social and physical environments are interdependent and influence human behavior, development, and quality of life;(2) Environment is a source of available resources (3) We can choose, design, or modify resources and environments to improve life and well being, and we should do so.Implicit in these assumptions is the worldview that humans can exert some control over their lives and the environment.

the FEC takes into account complexities that families experience in their daily lives...

BECAUSE OF their interactions with various social systems

bubolz/sontag (BS) vs bronfenbrenners (B)

BS model begins by theorizing about the family, whereas B model begins by theorizing about the individual

nested ecological levels

The smallest systems are nested within the larger systems, and each level can be determined by the proximity to the individual psychologically, physically, or socially. As we move outward from the individual at the center of each model of family ecology, there is a correspond-ing increase in distance. That is, individuals are closer to and interact more with family members regularly than they do with laws or government

ecosystem

This concept is used in various biological and environmental sciences. It can be commonly defined as a community of living organisms that inter-acts with its surrounding environment (Bubolz and Sontag, 1993). Therefore, the term ecosystem can be used in almost any discipline that studies living organ-isms that affect and are affected by their environments; examples could be a marine ecosystem or a desert ecosystem. A human ecosystem is a type of living system comprised of humans interactive with their environment. A family ecosystem is a subset of a human ecosystem that involves the interaction between families and their environment. As identified by Bubolz and Sontag, some of the major assumptions about human-environment relations are:

family ecosystem

a subset of a human ecosystem that involves the interaction between families and their environment

bronfenbfrenner's theory included

a. the individual members in the microsystem b. the connections between microsystems, such as between families and schools, in the mesosystem c. the influences from larger social systems that provide the immediate context for families, such as neighborhoods in the exosystem d. the largest social contexts and levels of influence, such as politics, religion, cultural, and legal institutions in the macrosystem e. the timing and patterning of events over the life course in the chronosystem

bronfenbrenner

articulated an individual perspective on human development by positing that nested systems of the biological, psychological, and social spheres influenced the development of the individual highly influenced by kurt lewin

bioecology of human development

development is defined as the phenomenon of continuity and charges in the biopsychological characteristics of human beings both as individuals and as groups. the phenomenon extends over the life course across successive generations and through historical time, both past and present

lwein

credited with the classic statement "there is nothing so practical as a good theory"

barket

examined the impact of the environment on individual behavior

mesosystem (2)

how the microsystem interconnects the individual and family to events that may not be experienced directly in the broader institutions associated with the outer layers of the nested system

family ecological theory helps us understand the ways...

in which the experiences one faces intersect on the individual, familia, social, and cultural levels

adaptation

individuals and families are dynamic and capable of changing their beliefs and behaviors in order to adapt to their environments

levels in order

microsystem mesosystem exosystem macrosystem chronosystem

richards viewed the family as the...

primary location for the foundation of life and thus developed a theory linking the physical environment with the social context of individual and family development laid the groundwork for what we know as family ecological theory today

value

reflects the belief systems of the individual, family, and society about important ideals such as what is pragmatically useful, economically profitable, and morally correct

exosystem (3)

the broader social institutions which structure society, such as the economic, educational, legal, mass media, military, and political systems

process-person-context-time (PPCT) model

the four components in the bioecological model that influence the developmental outcomes and interaction among the nested system One of Bronfenbrenner's enduring concerns has been with creating a theory and method dynamic enough to analyze individuals and families as they interact with their multiple intersecting environments - the process-person-context-time model. The PPCT model is the result of many decades of work in trying to specify the most comprehensive way of studying human development in an environmental context.

human betterment

the goal to which humans should individually and collectively strive

macrosystem (4)

the ideologies, organization, values, attitudes, and ways of thinking evident in a culture, which may vary by subculture within the society

microsystem (1)

the immediate family/peers that you rely closely on and come in contact with regularly events, developmental processes, and family relationships experienced in an individuals immediate surrounding

chronosystem (5)

the layer of time, in which an individuals age and the ordering of events, context, and historical sequence identify the impact of prior experiences upon subsequent development

social address model

the most simplistic way of understanding human and family development that we look at only one influence from a person's environment