Chapter 10 Health
Body composition influenced by:
-Age, sex, diet, level of physical activity
Problems associated with weigh control and weight loss programs
-Dehydration -dietary supplements -low calorie diets -affects young athletes
Storage Fat
-Depot of excess energy. is found just under the skin(SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
Limitations of BMI
-Does not evaluate body composition. --obese people may have low body fat
ANorexia Athletica
-Fear of being obese restrict calorie intake -weight loss -no medical disorder to explain leanness -intestinal problems -body image problems -binge eating compulsive exercise -purging delayed puberty menstrual probz
How fat is depositied in body
-Increase in adipose cells -Hypertrophy of adipose cells ----increase in amount of fat per adipose cell
Hyperplasia
-Increase in number of fat cells
Female Athlete Triad
-Low energy availability -Amenorrhea -Osteoporosis --decreased estrogen, low body fat so less conversion of androgens to estrogen *look for -unexplained weight loss -Frequent weight fluctuation -sudden increase in training volumes -excessive concern with weight -appearance of bizarre eating practices*
Skinfold fat test
-Measures subcutaneous fat -SEM about 3-4%
Childhood obesity
-Neural circuits predisposing to obesity developed whle young are hard to change -Diet is key fator
Fat free-Mass
-Protein and water -lean body mass that includes essential fat
Afferent stimuli
-Senses -stomach fullness -blood nutrient levels -body temp -Hormones
Storage fat forms
-Subcutaneous fat(cellulite) -Visceral fat
Determining Density
-Water displacement -archimedes
Problems of low calorie diets(<800)
-Weakness loss of libido decreased blood volume constipation Cardiac arrhythmias
Body consists of 4 componets
-body fat, protein, minerals, water -body composition may be calculated on 2 components:fat-free weight and body fat
Female Athlete triad
-disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis focuses on calcium balance
Essential Fat
-fat necessary for proper functioning of body structures like brain, heart tissue represent 3% in men 12-15 in women
Eating Disorder
-illnesses which victim suffer sever disturbances in eating behaviors and thoughts -Anorexia, bulimia binge eating
Gynoid type fats
-these cells appear to store fat more readily but not lose it as readily
Obesity health impairments
1. stresses tissues, heart, joints 2. more adipose may secrete more adipose, which induce pathogenic processes such as inflammation 3. adipose may convert androgen hormones to estrogen, affecting cellular processes
Creeping Obesity
100 extra calories a day=10 extra pounds a year
Essential fat in females represents about __________ percent of the body weight. 12-15 7-8 9-11 3-6
12-15
Normal BMI
18.5-25 Height to weight ratio
Which of the following initial Body Mass Indexes (BMI) is indicative of overweight and obesity, respectively? 15,20 10,15 25,30 30,35 20,25
25,30
obesity genetic heritability %
25-40%
Essential fat in males represents _____________ % of body weight 7 12 3 9
3
BMI of ___________ is considered morbid obesity
35-40
Bones
50% water, 50% protein and minerals 12-15% of weight comes from bone weight
Obesity and cancer
90,000 people die a year from this -14% and 20% of all cancers are accounted
In which activities might the condition of "anorexia athletica" appear to be more prevalent? a. ballet and gymnastics b. soccer and field hockey c. tennis and golf d. swimming and baseball e. football and basketball
A
Which is main environmental rather than hereditary factor in the multicausal etiology of obesity? a. a sedentary lifestyle b. hormonal imbalance c. disorder in brain's hunger and satiety centers d. low basal metabolic rate e. a higher set point
A
Which of the following may be involved in influencing the food intake? a. All of the answers are correct. b. The glucostatic, lipostatic, and aminostatic theories are based on the proposition that certain receptors in the body monitor blood levels of various nutrients. c. A thermostat in the hypothalamus may respond to change in body temperature and influence the feeding center. d. Stimulation of the senses may influence our appetite.
A
Which of these regarding android/gynoid obesity is FALSE a. gynoid is associated with higher incidence of certain diseases like hypertension b. Android is characterized by excess accumulation of fat deposits in ABDOMINAL area c. android is seen more often in men, gynoid in women d. gynoid fat deposits are more resistant to weight loss compared to android e. development of both types is influenced by heredity
A
obesity
Accumulation of fat in adipose tissue
Metabolic Syndrome
Android type associated with this. -insulin resistance, hypertension, impaired glucose reistance
Android Type obesity
Android-type fat cells release adipokines that trigger inflammation and induce insulin resistance -Decrease release of adiponectin, protective adipokine
Creeping obesity is caused by a. a genetic predisposition to obesity. b. a combination of an increased consumption of Calories and a decreased level of physical activity. c. an increased consumption of Calories, in particular, dietary fat. d. a decreased level of physical activity.
B
Obesity has been associated as a potential risk factor in all the following diseases or health problems EXCEPT: a. coronary heart disease b. anemia c. hyperlidemia d. diabetes e. hypertension
B
Lean, active lean, inactive overweight, active overweight, inactive obese, active obese, inactive
BEING FIT AND FAT is being than being unfit and fat
IN which sport might the condition of anorexia athletica appear to be more prevalent?
Ballet and gymnastics
Protein consumed during a starvation-type diet most likely will be: a. used to rebuild muscle tissue b. used to replace worn out cells c. converted to glucose for energy d. used to stabilize fluid balance e. stored as fat
C
Obesity and Cancer
Can cause 14% of cancers in men, 20% in Women
Anorexia nervosa is best defined as a. hypernervousness b. death wish c. the binge-purge syndrome d. self-imposed starvation e. compulsive eating
D
If skinfold technique for body composition has a standard error of 3 %, you can have 70% confidence that for a person who has a predicted body fat of 18%, the actual value is within range of a. 6-18 b. 18-21 c. 12-24 d. 15-21 e. 18-30
D
Regional fat distribution (the distribution of body fat such as the apple or pear shape), may have implications for the development of chronic diseases. Which two diseases may be associated with upper body or abdominal fat, the apple shape? a. schizophrenia and apoplexy b. cancer and osteoporosis c. emphysema and cirrhosis of the kidney d. heart disease and diabetes e. gout and anemia
D
Set point theory of weight control is based on a feedback system, suggesting that the individual is programmed to be a certain body wieght and that the body will always attempt to maintain that weight by regulating hunger and metabolism. What part of body is believd to be the regulatory center for the control of the various feedback mechanism. a. liver receptors b. stomach receptors c. blood receptors in kidney d. receptors in the hypothalamus in the brain e. receptors in small inestine
D
Which BMI is indicative of normal height to weight relationship a. 5-8 b. 10-12 c. 15-17 d. 20-22 e. 27-28
D
Visceral Fat
Deep fat; associated with increased health risks
Disorder of bulimia, characterized by binge-purge syndrome is found a. only in those with anorexia b. only in extremely underweight individuals c. normal weight individuals d. only in moderately or morbidly obese individuals e. in individuals across the body-weight spectrum
E
Which of the following groups of individuals has the lowest hazard ratio for heart failure? a. Obese, inactive b. Overweight, inactive c. Lean, inactive d. Overweight, active e. Lean, active
E
Which of the following is mainly an environmental rather than a possible heredity factor in the multicausal etiology of obesity? a. a higher "set point" b. lower basal metabolic rate c. disorder in the brain's hunger and satiety centers d. hormonal imbalance e. a sedentary life-style
E
Genetic factors of obesity
Heredity -obesity genes have been identified, abnormal functioning in neural function lead to energy intake increase
Environmental factors
High fat and high calorie foods, fast foods -Reduced sleep -Emotional stress-stress eat -cortisol stimulates caloric intake -Personal relationships
Set-Point Theory
How body normally controls own weight -Energy intake is balanced with energy expenditure -Hypothalamus
Appestat
Hunger center and satiety center
Obesity and Cardiovascular disease
Increase of adipokines promote inflammation and clotting -Cause high blood pressure Type-2 diabetes
What percent of men and women are dissatisified with their weight
M: 40 W:55 85% college students
Essential fat in body
Men: 3% Women: 12-15%
Weight Control
Mental health(body image Physical health(obesity & anorexia)
global obesity
Obesity is one of the few risk factors that contributes to development of the majority of chronic diseases
BMI of 30+
Obesity; more than 20% over healthy body weight
BMI of 25-30
Overweight with risk for health problems
Disordered Eating
Reflects atypical eating behaviors. -can involve changes in eating patterns that occur in relation to a stressful event, illness, appearance
Leptin function
Secreted by adipose and inhibits hunger
Regional Fat distribution Types
The Android-type obesity looks like apple. -Abdominal region and visceral fat Gynoid-type looks like pear -Gluteal-femoral region, hip, butt, thighs
The Settling-Point Theory
set point can be modified and in case of weight hain, reset at a higher level