Chapter 10 Health

Body composition influenced by:

-Age, sex, diet, level of physical activity

Problems associated with weigh control and weight loss programs

-Dehydration -dietary supplements -low calorie diets -affects young athletes

Storage Fat

-Depot of excess energy. is found just under the skin(SUBCUTANEOUS FAT

Limitations of BMI

-Does not evaluate body composition. --obese people may have low body fat

ANorexia Athletica

-Fear of being obese restrict calorie intake -weight loss -no medical disorder to explain leanness -intestinal problems -body image problems -binge eating compulsive exercise -purging delayed puberty menstrual probz

How fat is depositied in body

-Increase in adipose cells -Hypertrophy of adipose cells ----increase in amount of fat per adipose cell

Hyperplasia

-Increase in number of fat cells

Female Athlete Triad

-Low energy availability -Amenorrhea -Osteoporosis --decreased estrogen, low body fat so less conversion of androgens to estrogen *look for -unexplained weight loss -Frequent weight fluctuation -sudden increase in training volumes -excessive concern with weight -appearance of bizarre eating practices*

Skinfold fat test

-Measures subcutaneous fat -SEM about 3-4%

Childhood obesity

-Neural circuits predisposing to obesity developed whle young are hard to change -Diet is key fator

Fat free-Mass

-Protein and water -lean body mass that includes essential fat

Afferent stimuli

-Senses -stomach fullness -blood nutrient levels -body temp -Hormones

Storage fat forms

-Subcutaneous fat(cellulite) -Visceral fat

Determining Density

-Water displacement -archimedes

Problems of low calorie diets(<800)

-Weakness loss of libido decreased blood volume constipation Cardiac arrhythmias

Body consists of 4 componets

-body fat, protein, minerals, water -body composition may be calculated on 2 components:fat-free weight and body fat

Female Athlete triad

-disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis focuses on calcium balance

Essential Fat

-fat necessary for proper functioning of body structures like brain, heart tissue represent 3% in men 12-15 in women

Eating Disorder

-illnesses which victim suffer sever disturbances in eating behaviors and thoughts -Anorexia, bulimia binge eating

Gynoid type fats

-these cells appear to store fat more readily but not lose it as readily

Obesity health impairments

1. stresses tissues, heart, joints 2. more adipose may secrete more adipose, which induce pathogenic processes such as inflammation 3. adipose may convert androgen hormones to estrogen, affecting cellular processes

Creeping Obesity

100 extra calories a day=10 extra pounds a year

Essential fat in females represents about __________ percent of the body weight. 12-15 7-8 9-11 3-6

12-15

Normal BMI

18.5-25 Height to weight ratio

Which of the following initial Body Mass Indexes (BMI) is indicative of overweight and obesity, respectively? 15,20 10,15 25,30 30,35 20,25

25,30

obesity genetic heritability %

25-40%

Essential fat in males represents _____________ % of body weight 7 12 3 9

3

BMI of ___________ is considered morbid obesity

35-40

Bones

50% water, 50% protein and minerals 12-15% of weight comes from bone weight

Obesity and cancer

90,000 people die a year from this -14% and 20% of all cancers are accounted

In which activities might the condition of "anorexia athletica" appear to be more prevalent? a. ballet and gymnastics b. soccer and field hockey c. tennis and golf d. swimming and baseball e. football and basketball

A

Which is main environmental rather than hereditary factor in the multicausal etiology of obesity? a. a sedentary lifestyle b. hormonal imbalance c. disorder in brain's hunger and satiety centers d. low basal metabolic rate e. a higher set point

A

Which of the following may be involved in influencing the food intake? a. All of the answers are correct. b. The glucostatic, lipostatic, and aminostatic theories are based on the proposition that certain receptors in the body monitor blood levels of various nutrients. c. A thermostat in the hypothalamus may respond to change in body temperature and influence the feeding center. d. Stimulation of the senses may influence our appetite.

A

Which of these regarding android/gynoid obesity is FALSE a. gynoid is associated with higher incidence of certain diseases like hypertension b. Android is characterized by excess accumulation of fat deposits in ABDOMINAL area c. android is seen more often in men, gynoid in women d. gynoid fat deposits are more resistant to weight loss compared to android e. development of both types is influenced by heredity

A

obesity

Accumulation of fat in adipose tissue

Metabolic Syndrome

Android type associated with this. -insulin resistance, hypertension, impaired glucose reistance

Android Type obesity

Android-type fat cells release adipokines that trigger inflammation and induce insulin resistance -Decrease release of adiponectin, protective adipokine

Creeping obesity is caused by a. a genetic predisposition to obesity. b. a combination of an increased consumption of Calories and a decreased level of physical activity. c. an increased consumption of Calories, in particular, dietary fat. d. a decreased level of physical activity.

B

Obesity has been associated as a potential risk factor in all the following diseases or health problems EXCEPT: a. coronary heart disease b. anemia c. hyperlidemia d. diabetes e. hypertension

B

Lean, active lean, inactive overweight, active overweight, inactive obese, active obese, inactive

BEING FIT AND FAT is being than being unfit and fat

IN which sport might the condition of anorexia athletica appear to be more prevalent?

Ballet and gymnastics

Protein consumed during a starvation-type diet most likely will be: a. used to rebuild muscle tissue b. used to replace worn out cells c. converted to glucose for energy d. used to stabilize fluid balance e. stored as fat

C

Obesity and Cancer

Can cause 14% of cancers in men, 20% in Women

Anorexia nervosa is best defined as a. hypernervousness b. death wish c. the binge-purge syndrome d. self-imposed starvation e. compulsive eating

D

If skinfold technique for body composition has a standard error of 3 %, you can have 70% confidence that for a person who has a predicted body fat of 18%, the actual value is within range of a. 6-18 b. 18-21 c. 12-24 d. 15-21 e. 18-30

D

Regional fat distribution (the distribution of body fat such as the apple or pear shape), may have implications for the development of chronic diseases. Which two diseases may be associated with upper body or abdominal fat, the apple shape? a. schizophrenia and apoplexy b. cancer and osteoporosis c. emphysema and cirrhosis of the kidney d. heart disease and diabetes e. gout and anemia

D

Set point theory of weight control is based on a feedback system, suggesting that the individual is programmed to be a certain body wieght and that the body will always attempt to maintain that weight by regulating hunger and metabolism. What part of body is believd to be the regulatory center for the control of the various feedback mechanism. a. liver receptors b. stomach receptors c. blood receptors in kidney d. receptors in the hypothalamus in the brain e. receptors in small inestine

D

Which BMI is indicative of normal height to weight relationship a. 5-8 b. 10-12 c. 15-17 d. 20-22 e. 27-28

D

Visceral Fat

Deep fat; associated with increased health risks

Disorder of bulimia, characterized by binge-purge syndrome is found a. only in those with anorexia b. only in extremely underweight individuals c. normal weight individuals d. only in moderately or morbidly obese individuals e. in individuals across the body-weight spectrum

E

Which of the following groups of individuals has the lowest hazard ratio for heart failure? a. Obese, inactive b. Overweight, inactive c. Lean, inactive d. Overweight, active e. Lean, active

E

Which of the following is mainly an environmental rather than a possible heredity factor in the multicausal etiology of obesity? a. a higher "set point" b. lower basal metabolic rate c. disorder in the brain's hunger and satiety centers d. hormonal imbalance e. a sedentary life-style

E

Genetic factors of obesity

Heredity -obesity genes have been identified, abnormal functioning in neural function lead to energy intake increase

Environmental factors

High fat and high calorie foods, fast foods -Reduced sleep -Emotional stress-stress eat -cortisol stimulates caloric intake -Personal relationships

Set-Point Theory

How body normally controls own weight -Energy intake is balanced with energy expenditure -Hypothalamus

Appestat

Hunger center and satiety center

Obesity and Cardiovascular disease

Increase of adipokines promote inflammation and clotting -Cause high blood pressure Type-2 diabetes

What percent of men and women are dissatisified with their weight

M: 40 W:55 85% college students

Essential fat in body

Men: 3% Women: 12-15%

Weight Control

Mental health(body image Physical health(obesity & anorexia)

global obesity

Obesity is one of the few risk factors that contributes to development of the majority of chronic diseases

BMI of 30+

Obesity; more than 20% over healthy body weight

BMI of 25-30

Overweight with risk for health problems

Disordered Eating

Reflects atypical eating behaviors. -can involve changes in eating patterns that occur in relation to a stressful event, illness, appearance

Leptin function

Secreted by adipose and inhibits hunger

Regional Fat distribution Types

The Android-type obesity looks like apple. -Abdominal region and visceral fat Gynoid-type looks like pear -Gluteal-femoral region, hip, butt, thighs

The Settling-Point Theory

set point can be modified and in case of weight hain, reset at a higher level