Chapter 10: Navigation
What are the five C's for establishing your location if you get lost in flight?
1. Confess 2. Conserve 3. Comply 4. Climb 5. Communicate
Based on this data display, what is the intercept angle: DTK: 155° XTK: 0.09 NM -> TKE: <- 010° TRK: 165°
10 degrees
Your aircraft is on a magnetic course of 0 degrees. To comply with the VFR cruising altitude rule, what is an example of an altitude that would be appropriate?
3,500 feet MSL
The radio beam pattern transmitted by a VOR is considered to be __________.
360 radio beams, or radials, numbered in one degree increments clockwise from magnetic north
Your aircraft is on a magnetic course of 180 degrees. To comply with the VFR cruising altitude rule, what is an example of an altitude that would be appropriate?
4,500 feet MSL
Based on this data display, what is the intercept angle: DTK: 315° XTK: <-30.0 NM TKE: 045° -> TRK: 270°
45 degrees, The track angle error value of 45-degrees indicates a 45-degree intercept angle from the track to the desired track
Your aircraft is on a magnetic course of 240 degrees. To comply with the VFR cruising altitude rule, what is an example of an altitude that would be appropriate?
6,500 feet MSL
If you are flying a true course of 100 degrees, with a magnetic variation of 8 degrees east, a wind correction angle of 6 degrees left, and a compass deviation of 0 degrees, what is your resulting compass heading?
86 degrees, Calculate the resulting compass heading by subtracting the magnetic variation of 8 degrees east, the wind correction angle of 6 degrees left, and the compass deviation pf 0 degrees from the true course of 100 degrees, (100 - 8 - 6 - 0 = 86 degrees compass heading)
You are flying a true course of 100 degrees, with a magnetic variation of 7 degrees East, and a wind correction angle of 5 degrees left, and a compass deviation of 0 degrees. What is your resulting compass heading?
88 degrees
During your flight with a true course of 100 degrees, the wind correction angle is 4 degrees left, the magnetic variation is 6 degrees East, and the compass deviation is 0 degrees. What is your resulting compass heading?
90 degrees
What is a horizontal situation indicator?
A heading indicator and a VOR indicator combined in a single display
What are the two major display components in the integrated electronic flight display (IFD) system used in gPS navigation?
A primary flight display (PFD), A multifunction display (MFD)
What are components of a transparent plastic navigation plotter?
A protractor for measuring the direction of flight, Distance scales in both nautical ad statute miles for sectional charts, world aeronautical charts, and VFR terminal area charts, A straightedge for drawing a course line
What is an automatic direction finder (ADF)?
A radio navigation system that indicates direction in relation to low and medium frequency (L/MF) transmitting stations, including NDBs and AM commercial broadcast stations
What can you obtain if your aircraft is equipped with DME?
A readout of the distance in nautical miles to the associated VOR/DME or VORTAC site as well as groundspeed and time enroute to the station
What is GPS?
A satellite-based radio positioning and navigation system that broadcasts signals that are used by GPS receivers to determine a precise three-dimensional position anywhere in the world
What is a GPS navigation route?
A series of waypoints flown in the order in which they are listed with course lines called desired tracks between the waypoints
You are filing an IACO flight plan at 1800wxbrief.com for a flight in which you will initially cruise at 11,500 feet, and then climb to 13,500 feet to clear mountainous terrain. What value should be entered in the Altitude box?
A115, In the Altitude field, enter the letter A followed by a three-digit initial cruising altitude in hundreds of feet, even if you plan to change altitude later in flight
What is a statement regarding DME?
Although you tune the DME using a VOR frequency, the DME is a separate facility, collocated with a VOR
What factors should you consider when using pilotage to determine your course?
Always determining whether there are areas on the general route you should avoid, and planning fuel stops based on your estimates of the amount of fuel required, Aligning navigation charts precisely, Using a plotter or ruler to measure the length of the tentative course line in nautical miles
What does an ADF Receiver do?
Analyzes the signals from both antennas and determines the direction to the transmitting station
How many satellites make up the GPS system?
At least 24 satellites
How can you determine the accuracy of your VOR receiver?
By using ground and airborne VOR checkpoints
How can you close a flight plan with Flight Service?
Call Flight Service on the radio using the appropriate frequency at your destination, Call Flight Service at 1-800-WX-BRIEF (1-800-922-7433) and ask a briefer to close your flight plan, click the EasyClose link in the email flight Service sends you
What information do you provide in the navigation log?
Checkpoints and the distances between them, Both estimated and actual times between checkpoints, Corrections for magnetic variation and compass deviation, Estimated and actual groundspeed, true airspeed, cruising altitudes, wind correction angles, and fuel consumption rates, Climb and cruise speeds for the first leg, Wind correction angles
How can you activate a flight plan with Flight Service?
Click the EasyActivate link in the email Flight Service sends you, Call Flight Service on the radio using the appropriate frequency at your departure airport
How can you file a flight plan with Flight Service?
Click the File button on the Flight Plan page at 1800wxbrief.com, Call Flight Service at 1-800-WX-BRIEF (1-800-99s7433) and file your flight plan with a briefer
What are primary pre-taxi preparations for GPS navigation?
Complete as much GPS programming as possible while on the ground with the parking brake set, Be sure waypoint identifiers are correct, Verify that an active leg is indicated on the flight plan and that the active leg is the first leg you want to fly, Set an appropriate map scale on the MFD, Activate the flight plan and verify the waypoints in your route, Note the orientation of the departure runway relative to the active leg so that you can determine how to best intercept the course
How can you determine your exact position along a line of position or radial extending away from a VOR station?
Cross check a second VOR station and draw a line on that radial from the second VOR, Your aircraft's position, or fix, is where the two lines of position intersect
What do distance measuring equipment measure?
DME measure slant range, not horizontal distance, to VOR/DME and VORTAC stations
What is an example of what the data display would show if the aircraft was flying to the right, parallel to the desired track?
DTK: 090° XTK: <- 3.00 NM TKE: 000° The desired track (DTK) and track (TRK) should be equal, The cross-track error (XTK) has a non-zero value, and the arrow is pointing in the direction need to fly to correct the track
What is an example of what the data display would show if the aircraft were to cross the desired track from left to right?
DTK: 360° XTK: 5.00 NM -> TKE: <- 030° TRK: 030° Given the aircraft position, the cross-track error (XTK) arrow points to the right because the desired track is to the right of the aircraft, The track angle error (TKE) arrow points to the left because the aircraft must turn to the left to intercept the desired track
You are flying from Hutchinson, Kansas (KHUT) to Grand Canyon, Arizona (KGCN) with a 90-minute stop in Santa Fe (KSAF) for lunch and fuel. How do you file this flight plan using the ICAO flight plan form at 1800wxbrief.com?
Departure - KHUT; Route of Flight - DCT; Destination - KSAF, File a second flight plan from KSAF to KGCN, If you're stopping at an airport for more than an hour, enter it as your destination and file a separate flight plan for the other legs of your flight
What are fundamental elements of GPS initialization and setup?
Determining through a system self-test whether the GPS receiver is capable of performing navigation, Initializing internal software, Verifying that internal software versions and airframe specific installation versions are correct, Ensuring that the GPS database is not out of date, Verifying satellite reception and signal quality
What does the ADF Bearing Indicator do?
Displays directional information to the station
Based on this data display, is the aircraft converging on, parallel to, or diverging from the desired track: DTK: 360° XTK: <- 5.00 NM TKE: <- 030° TRK: 030°
Diverging from the desired track, The cross-track error value indicated that the aircraft is to the right of the desired track, The track angle error value indicates that the aircraft needs to turn 30 degrees to the left for the track value to equal the desired track value
What steps should you follow when determining your dead reckoning course?
Draw your course on the navigation chart as you would for a pilotage flight, including measuring the distance to be flown, calculating the fuel required, and planning fuel stops, Use the navigation plotter to measure your true course at the meridian nearest the center of the course
On your VFR flight plan, how should you enter your cruising altitude?
Enter the initial cruising altitude even if you anticipate an altitude change later in flight
What is the Federal Aviation Regulation regarding fuel reserves?
Federal Aviation Regulations require that day VFR flights carry enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing at normal cruise speed as well as to fly after that for an additional 30 minutes, and that night VFR flights must carry a 45-minute reserve
What is a statement regarding VOR/DME and VORTAC?
Flight in any direction other than directly to or away from the VOR/DME or VORTAC station results in an unreliable reading
How many GPS satellites are required to yield a three dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and altitude)?
Four satellites, Three satellites provide only latitude and longitude
How do aircraft navigate to waypoints using GPS navigation?
GPS navigation is TO-TO navigation, GPS systems always provide navigation guidance to waypoints, never from them, After you pass a waypoint, you are navigating to the next waypoint, not from the previous waypoint
How do HSI course-deviations on a PFD in GPS navigation mode differ from those of a traditional HSI?
HSI course deviation indications on a PFD in GPS-navigation mode show lateral distance off course, rather than the number of degrees off course as shown by a traditional HSI, The course-deviation scale changes according to the GPS mode
When you complete the ICAO VFR flight plan, how is the FUEL ENDURANCE value representing the amount of usable fuel expressed?
Hours and minutes
What are characteristics of VFR waypoints?
Identifies begin with the letters "VP", Can be collocated with VFR checkpoints or reporting points, Can be used to support the preferred flow of traffic in the vicinity of the airport, Should not be used in communication with ATC, Are a special kind of waypoint used in GPS navigation to supplement navigation during VFR operations, Are published on aeronautical charts, Used to enhance pilotage and to support VFR operations
How does the standard VOR indicator display course information?
Independent of aircraft heading
What are types of GPS receivers?
Integrated systems, Panel-mounted units, Handheld units, GPS receivers used in a flight management system (FMS)
What is a statement regarding your need to conduct GPS pre-takeoff procedures?
It is important that you utilize appropriate pre-takeoff flow patterns, checklists, user guides, and information in the pilot's operating handbook and the Aircraft Flight Manual, By doing so, you will properly initialize and prepare the GPS system and complete all required procedures in the proper order and at the proper time
What is magnetic heading?
Magnetic course corrected for the effects of wind
What is compass heading?
Magnetic heading corrected for compass deviation
What does the VOR navigation called tracking involve?
Maintaining the selected course to or from a VOR station by keeping the CDI centered, To stay in course in a crosswind, you use the navigation technique called bracketing, which is the process of determining and applying a wind correction angle to regain and maintain the desired course
What do VOR test facilities (VOTs) enable you to do?
Make precise VOR accuracy checks regardless of your position in relation to the facility, This is possible because VOTs broadcast a signal for only the 360-degree radial
How can you remain on course using pilotage?
Match as much as possible of what you see on the ground to the features on your chart, even when you are between checkpoints, Correct for drift by adjusting your heading, Mark each checkpoint as you pass it, and if you see that you have drifted to one side of your course, mark your actual position rather than the intended checkpoint, Always be aware of your position
When you are diverting to an alternate airport, how is the easiest way to navigate?
Navigate direct using GPS or an on-the-field VOR or NBD facility rather than plotting a course on a sectional chart and marking checkpoints and distances
What is pilotage?
Navigating by visual landmarks using course lines
What is dead reckoning?
Navigation based on calculations of time, speed, distance, and direction using a compass or heading indicator for directional information
Does this data display indicate that you are on course: DTK: 155° XTK: 0.15 NM -> TKE: 000° TRK: 155°
No, Even though the track equals the active leg, the cross-track error is not zero, In addition to observing the active leg and the track angle error, you must also observe cross-track error to determine whether you are actually on course
You are approaching your destination from the east. The wind is from the south. If the airport uses a standard left traffic pattern, how would you plan to enter the traffic pattern?
Plan for a right turn to enter a left downwind to land to the south
How accurate is GPS compared with traditional land-based enroute navigation systems?
Plus or minus 50 feet, which is more accurate than traditional land-based enroute navigation systems
What are the primary reasons for diverting to an alternate destination?
Poor preflight planning, Unpredicted weather conditions, System malfunction
What does the Directional (Loop) Antenna do?
Receives radio signals to determine the line of direction to the station
What does the Nondirectional (Sense) Antenna do?
Receives signals to help resolve the ambiguity in the directional information provided by the other antenna
You can check your VOR receiver's accuracy using a VOR test facility __________.
Regardless of your aircraft's position in relation to the facility
You have departed an airport heading north. The desired track for the active leg is 045 degrees. What direction of turn and to what heading should you fly to intercept the active leg at a 45-degree angle?
Right, To a heading of approximately 090 degrees
How do you intercept a different course to a VOR?
Set up an intercept angle, Fly from the radial you are currently tracking to another radial, Then track the new inbound course to the station
What are effective checkpoints you can use to positively identify from the air to help you recognize and correct for drift?
Small cities, Major roads, Rivers, Lakes
What are components of the VOR indicator?
TO-FROM Indicator, Course Deviation Indicator (CDI), Omni-bearing Selector (OBS) or course selector
VOR ground stations are divided into what classes according to their normal reception and altitude range?
Terminal VOR (TVOR), Low Altitude VOR (LVOR), High altitude VOR (HVOR)
What does it mean when the cross-track error is decreasing?
The aircraft is converging on the active leg, The cross-track error tells you how far off course the aircraft is from the active leg, If the cross-track error is decreasing, you must be getting closer to the active leg
What is indicated when the VOR indicator displays an OFF flag or similar indication?
The aircraft is either directly over the VOR station or 90 degrees to either side of the course set in your VOR indicator, The tuned VOR station's signal is unreliable
Based on this display, the cross-track error indicates that the aircraft is not on the desired track. What is also indicated by the other data display values: DTK: 030° XTK: <- 1.00 NM TKE: 000° TRK: 030°
The aircraft is flying parallel to the desired track
Based on this data display, what is the approximate location of the aircraft in relation to the desired track, and is it on an intercept heading to the desired track: DTK: 155° XTK: 6.23 NM -> TKE: <- 045° TRK: 200°
The aircraft is northeast of the desired track, It is heading southbound on a 45-degree intercept to the desired track
Based on this data display, where is the aircraft position in relation to the desired track: DTK: 095° XTK: 0.00 NM TKE: <- 005° TRK: 095°
The aircraft is on the desired track but will diverge because of the track angle error
How is the data displayed on a Fixed-Card ADF bearing indicator?
The azimuth card never moves, The number zero always appears at the top, The azimuth card always shows the stations bearing relative to the nose of the airplane
What might you need to do as a compromise when you are diverting to an alternate airport?
The inflight planning and other actions required of you to divert to an alternate airport might necessitate compromises such as using computational shortcuts and rule-of-thumb computations, This is often due to limited cockpit space and having to divide you attention between flying the aircraft, carrying out calculations, and scanning for other aircraft
You are planning a VFR flight from Dalhart, Texas to Hays, Kansas with a one-hour stop at an interim airport in Liberal and a 90-minute stop at an interim airport in Dodge City. In the flight plan that specifies Dalhart as your departure point, which airport should you enter into the destination box?
The name of the airport in Dodge City
What is true course?
The navigational direction or course of an aircraft in flight as measured in relation to the geographic North Pole, or true north
As you turn on to the active leg, what happens to the track angle error?
The track angle error will decrease to zero
What are benefits of RAIM and fault detection and exclusion (FDE)?
They monitor the integrity of GPS signals, They provide a notification when signal integrity drops below acceptable levels or is lost, They detect faulty satellites and automatically exclude them from the position calculation, They enable GPS receivers to continue GPS navigation without interruption, provided a sufficient number of satellites are available
How are you typically notified of GPS satellite outages?
Through GPS NOTAMs
What is the purpose of a VFR flight plan?
To notify an FSS of your plans for a flight so that the FSS will initiate a search for you if you are overdue
What does a Nondirectional Beacon (NDB) do?
Transmits Morse code or voice signals for navigation
What does an AM commercial broadcast station do?
Transmits voice and music signals and can be used as a supplemental VFR navaid
What is magnetic course?
True course corrected for the local magnetic variation shown on aeronautical charts as a dashed magenta isogonic line
What must you do to determine your present direction from a VOR station?
Tune in and identify the station, Turn the OBS knob until the CDI needle centers with a FROM indication, Read the resulting radial next tot the course index on the top of the VOR indicator
What must you do to fly the course from your present position to a VOR station?
Tune in and identify the station, Turn the OBS knob until the CDI needle centers with a TO indication, Turn the aircraft to the heading displayed on the course index on the top of the VOR indicator and fly on course directly to the station, assuming there is no crosswind
based on this data display, what must you do to remain on course: DTK: 155° XTK: 0.00 NM TKE: <- 010° TRK: 165°
Turn left about 10 degrees
How do the components of the ADF system equipment interact to indicate direction to an L/MF facility?
Two airborne antennas receive L/MF signals, which go to the ADF receiver, The receiver analyzes the signals and sends them to an ADF bearing indicator, which displays directional information to the L/MF station
What is the VFR cruising altitude rule?
VFR aircraft in level cruising flight at more than 3,000 feet AGL on magnetic courses from 0 degrees to 179 degrees are required to fly at odd thousand-foot altitudes plus 500 feet, VFR aircraft in level cruising flight at more than 3,000 feet AGL on magnetic courses from 180 degrees to 359 degrees are required to fly at even thousand-foot altitudes plus 500 feet
What are components of VOR airborne equipment?
VOR Receiver, VOR Antenna, VOR Indicator
What is a statement regarding VOR reception?
VOR reception is strictly line of sight, which limits usable signal range at low altitudes and over mountainous terrain
What are statements regarding VOR?
VOR stands for very high frequency omnidirectional range, It is a radio navigation system that provides course guidance for aircraft
What does a typical GPS flight plan function enable you to do?
View flight information that the system calculates and displays for each leg of the flight plan, Enter intended waypoints in the order in which you intend to fly them, Compare total distance of the route with distance remaining, View information derived from the database according to the specifics of your route
What display features are available on the moving map of a typical MFD?
Visual indication of aircraft relative to desired track, Ability to overlay navigation aids, airports, airspace, and intersections, Ability to display terrain in conjunction with a terrain awareness warning system (TAWS), Ability to display topographic information, similar to a VFR navigation chart, Ability to display obstacle data in conjunction with a TAWS, Ability to access real-time weather information and NEXRAD information overlays
What improvement to WAAS and LAAS provide to a GPS system?
WAAS and LAAS improve the integrity of GPS signals
How are VORs and their associated radials depicted on sectional navigation charts?
With circles, graduated in degrees, called compass roses
What should you do before relying on a VOR for navigation?
You must tune the VOR frequency and identify the station to ensure that you have chosen the correct frequency and that the station is working properly
How do you determine the course to a VOR from a specific location on a sectional chart?
You plot the course and note where it intersects the VOR compass rose
How can you avoid reverse sensing?
You should always set the VOR indicator to approximately agree with your intended course
If the navigation database is out of date, what are the conditions under which you can use the GPS unit for VFR navigation?
You verify named waypoint locations when you are navigating to a named fix, You must verify waypoint coordinates with current and approved navigation information, You must not use the GPS moving map for critical navigation decisions
