Chapter 10: Sexuality & Gender

Melvin and his girlfriend Zakiya are having a friendly argument about their sexual practices. Zakiya insists that all people go through the sexual cycles identically. Which of the following should Melvin say if he wants to win the argument?

"Men have two different progressions of the sexual-response cycle, and women have three."

A woman's clitoris swells, the lips of the vagina open, and the inside of the vagina is moistened. This woman is in the __________ phase of the sexual-response cycle.

excitement

The psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine are known as:

gender

An individual's sense of being male or female is called:

gender identity

The ______ theory proposes that gender identity is acquired as a child develops a mental pattern for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that mental pattern.

gender schema

A little girl observes that all of her teachers are women. Therefore, when she plays, she pretends to be a teacher, and she decides that when she grows up she wants to be a teacher. This is an example of:

gender schema theory

The process of acquiring gender-role characteristics is called:

gender typing

Anna's mother takes her to get a pedicure for her birthday, telling her, "a lady always has pretty feet." This is an example of:

gender typing.

The ______ are organs present in an embryo that are undifferentiated—not yet male or female.

gonads

In 1954, what did William Masters secure in order for his controversial study to be successful that would today be nearly impossible in this media-driven world?

he convinced the press to keep completely quiet about the research for the next 12 years

According to the Janus report, the most common barriers to sexual activity in adults aged 57 to 85 were:

health problems or lack of a partner.

The most common sexual orientation is __________.

heterosexuality

Which of the following is an example of female primary sex characteristics?

ovaries

Ten percent of women in the United States will develop ______ during their childbearing years.

pelvic inflammatory disorder

Allen has low self-esteem and has a lot of anxiety about his ability to perform the sex act well. His sexual dysfunction probably stems from __________.

psychological factors

Allen has low self-esteem and anxiety about his ability to perform the sex act well. His sexual dysfunction probably stems from:

psychological factors.

Research has shown that when men communicate, they tend to talk about current events and sports, switch topics frequently, and attempt to dominate the conversation. This is a _____ communication style.

report

Masters and Johnson recommend a technique called ____ to treat premature ejaculation.

sensate focus

Organic factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors can all be causes of __________.

sexual dysfunction

Organic factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors can all be causes of:

sexual dysfunction

The term heterosexual refers to a person's __________.

sexual orientation

A person's sexual attraction and affection for members of either the opposite or the same sex is called:

sexual orientation.

The _______ theory attributes gender-role development to learning behavior through observation and imitation of models.

social learning

A little boy protected his sister from a strange dog when they were out for a walk. The parents praised him profusely for his bravery and his "manly" behavior. This is an example of the ______ of gender identity.

social learning theory

Elizabeth is told by her mother that her interest in sex is evil. Elizabeth can no longer feel pleasure when she has sex. This sexual dysfunction is attributed to __________.

sociocultural factors

Elizabeth is told by her mother that her interest in sex is evil. Elizabeth can no longer feel pleasure when she has sex. This sexual dysfunction is attributed to:

sociocultural factors.

The region that has been most heavily hit by AIDS according to current numbers is:

sub-Saharan Africa

One of the earliest studies of the impact of biological factors on sexual orientation found that if the mother experienced severe stress during the second trimester:

the chance of a male child becoming homosexual is significantly higher.

Masters and Johnson are known for research concerning __________.

the physical responses that occur during sexual activity

Masters and Johnson are known for research concerning:

the physical responses that occur during sexual activity.

Alfred Kinsey is most known for __________.

the report he published concerning human sexual behavior and the different ways in which people engage in the sex act

Alfred Kinsey is most known for:

the report he published concerning human sexual behavior and the different ways in which people engage in the sex act.

All of the following are ways to transmit the HIV virus EXCEPT:

through saliva

The term _____ refers to people whose sense of gender identity does not always match their external appearance or their sex chromosomes.

transgendered

_______ are sexual organs present at birth and are directly involved in human reproduction.

Primary Sex Characteristics

________ are sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty and are indirectly involved in human reproduction.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

What did Alfred Kinsey believe about sexual orientation?

He believed that sexual orientation falls on a continuum, with some people falling at either extreme and some falling in the middle.

Even though it was a study that presented an enormous amount of information regarding human sexual behavior, which of the following was a major criticism of Alfred Kinsey's work?

He gave more attention to "unusual or abnormal" sexual behavior than he did to normal sexual behaviors.

The Lakota word ______ is used in many Native American cultures for a man who also embodies the soul of a woman.

winkte

Prejudice that is more socially acceptable but still leads to unequal treatment of men and women is:

benevolent sexism.

A person who is either male or female and is attracted to both sexes is called:

bisexual

A person who is either male or female and is attracted to both sexes is called __________.

bisexual.

The most common sexually transmitted infection is:

chlamydia.

What type of culture typically has more traditional ideas about gender roles and behavior?

collectivistic

Which of the following is an example of a situation in which a psychological factor may lead to sexual dysfunction?

Jennie was molested as a child and suffers from low self-esteem.

Which of the following is an example of a sociocultural factor of sexual dysfunction?

An Indian wife views sex as a duty of married couples but also a joy to be celebrated within the context of bearing children, upon which her status depends greatly.

_______ is the culture's expectations for either masculine or feminine behavior, including actions, attitudes, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture.

Gender role

Which of the following is evidence that sexual orientation is influenced by genetics?

A study of twins found that 52 percent of the identical twin siblings were both homosexual, and that only 22 percent of fraternal twins and 11 percent of adopted brothers and sisters were homosexual.

One of the most important studies of human sexual behavior was conducted by __________.

Alfred Kinsey

According to research, when did most gay or bisexual students first become aware of their sexual orientation?

During high school

According to your authors, which of the following is the best way to promote more women entering the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields?

Encourage girls to engage in play activities that have traditionally been considered "for the boys."

__________ is a sexual dysfunction in which a male cannot maintain an erection long enough to complete the sexual act.

Erectile dysfunction

A study has found that homosexual men and heterosexual women respond similarly to a testosterone-based pheromone that is secreted in perspiration; what does this tell us about the origin of homosexuality?

It tells us that homosexuality can be linked to biological origins.

Which of the following was not a criticism of Kinsey's study?

Kinsey collected surveys from several different groups including an equal number of minorities, a wide range of age groups, and from both rural and urban areas.

Who is credited with conducting one of the most important studies of the human sexual response?

Masters and Johnson

The _____ ducts can become female primary sex organs.

Müllerian

________ are types of sexual problems caused by physical sources or disorders.

Organic dysfunctions

__________ are types of sexual problems caused by physical disorders or psychological stress.

Organic or stress-induced dysfunctions

Which of the following is the shortest phase of the sexual-response cycle?

Orgasm

What happens to make an embryo develop female sex organs?

The absence of the Y chromosome causes the gonads to develop estrogen-secreting ovaries, allowing the Müllerian ducts to develop and the Wolffian ducts to deteriorate.

Which of the following is not true about a woman in the orgasm phase?

The muscle contractions of the vaginal wall trigger the release of the egg from the ovary.

According to Masters and Johnson's sexual-response cycle, what would a male experience during the excitement phase?

The penis becomes erect, the testes pull up, and the skin of the scrotum tightens.

What physical responses would a male experience during the plateau phase of the sexual-response cycle?

The penis becomes more erect and may release a few drops of fluid.

What was controversial about Masters's choice of subjects for his study?

They were prostitutes.

Which of the following is NOT true of the resolution phase?

Women become unable to maintain sexual arousal.

Which of the following is true about the resolution phase of the sexual-response cycle?

Women can still experience an orgasm.

Which of the following is an example of male secondary sex characteristics?

a deeper voice

A sexual condition in which the person either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable is called:

a paraphilia.

When compared with traditional males and females, androgynous people report feeling ________ when they are faced with negative life events.

a third to less than half the depression

Studies have shown that infant girls exposed to _______ hormones before birth were found to behave as "tomboys," displaying more masculine characteristics.

androgen

The characteristic of possessing the most positive personality characteristics of males and females regardless of actual sex is called:

androgyny.

Research has shown that cultures that are more ______ and have high standards of living are more nontraditional in gender role expectations, while cultures that are more ______ and have less wealth are more traditional in gender role expectations.

individualistic; collectivistic

Which of the following is an example of a female secondary sex characteristic?

menarche

According to the Kinsey study, _____ percent of males had bisexual experiences.

nearly 50