Chapter 11: Motivation & Emotion
neuro-cultural theory of emotion
Ekman's theory explaining why certain aspects of emotions, such as the facial expressions and physiological changes, are similar in all humans, whereas others, such as how people appraise situations and regulate their emotional expressions in front of others, vary from one culture to another
broaden and build model
Fredrickson's model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skillsq
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achievement motivation
a desire to do things well and overcome difficulties and obstacles
expressive-suppression
a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion
glucose
a simple sugar in the blood that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain
Duchenne smile
a smile that expresses true enjoyment, invlving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye to create crow's feet and raise the cheeks
Facial action coding system (FACS)
a widely used method for measuring all observable in the human face
sexual behavior
actions and arousal involving stimulation of the genitals, which may or my not involve orgsm
moods
affective states that operate in the background of consciousness, which tend to last longer than most emotions
reappraisal
an antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategy in which one re-evaluates an event so that a different emotion results
incentive
any external object or event that motivates behavior; an environmental effect on motivation
emotions
brief, acute, multi-faceted changes to experience and physiology that result from a response to a meaningful situation in the person's environment
needs
inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives
display rules
learned norms or rules, often taught very clearly, about when it is appropriate to show certain expressions of emotion and to whom one should show them
antecedent event
part of the emotion process; a situation that may lead to an emotional response
action tendencies
particular behavioral impulses that accompany certain emotions
basic emotions
set of emotions that are common to all humans; incluses anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise
affective traits
stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses; they are enduring aspects of our personalities that make particular emotional states more or less likely to occur
subjective well-being
state that consists of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect
culturally relative
term describing the idea that behavior varies across cultures and can only be understood within the social laws, rules, or norms of the culture in which they occure
universal
term referring to something that is common to all human beings and can be seen in cultures all over the world
James-Lange theory of emotion
the changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses
subjective experience of emotion
the changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses
emotion regulation
the cognitive and behavioral efforts people mke to modify their emotions; includes appraisal and expressive-suppression
sexual orientation
the disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex (heterosexual(, the same sex (homosexual) or both sexes (bisexual
appraisal
the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevent it is to one's own welfare; it drives the process by which emotions are elicited
self-actualization
the full realization of one's potentials and abilities in life
set-point
the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature
life-satisfaction
the overall evaluation we make of our lives; an aspect of subjective well-being
drives
the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension
emotional response
the physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated
Yerkes-Dodson law
the principle that both low arousal and high arousal lead to poor performance, whereas moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance
homeostasis
the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set-point
motivation
the urge to move towards on'es goals to accomplish tasks
self-conscious emotions
types of emotions that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they ocur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by societys rules
