Chapter 11: Motivation & Emotion

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neuro-cultural theory of emotion

Ekman's theory explaining why certain aspects of emotions, such as the facial expressions and physiological changes, are similar in all humans, whereas others, such as how people appraise situations and regulate their emotional expressions in front of others, vary from one culture to another

broaden and build model

Fredrickson's model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skillsq

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achievement motivation

a desire to do things well and overcome difficulties and obstacles

expressive-suppression

a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion

glucose

a simple sugar in the blood that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain

Duchenne smile

a smile that expresses true enjoyment, invlving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye to create crow's feet and raise the cheeks

Facial action coding system (FACS)

a widely used method for measuring all observable in the human face

sexual behavior

actions and arousal involving stimulation of the genitals, which may or my not involve orgsm

moods

affective states that operate in the background of consciousness, which tend to last longer than most emotions

reappraisal

an antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategy in which one re-evaluates an event so that a different emotion results

incentive

any external object or event that motivates behavior; an environmental effect on motivation

emotions

brief, acute, multi-faceted changes to experience and physiology that result from a response to a meaningful situation in the person's environment

needs

inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives

display rules

learned norms or rules, often taught very clearly, about when it is appropriate to show certain expressions of emotion and to whom one should show them

antecedent event

part of the emotion process; a situation that may lead to an emotional response

action tendencies

particular behavioral impulses that accompany certain emotions

basic emotions

set of emotions that are common to all humans; incluses anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise

affective traits

stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses; they are enduring aspects of our personalities that make particular emotional states more or less likely to occur

subjective well-being

state that consists of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect

culturally relative

term describing the idea that behavior varies across cultures and can only be understood within the social laws, rules, or norms of the culture in which they occure

universal

term referring to something that is common to all human beings and can be seen in cultures all over the world

James-Lange theory of emotion

the changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses

subjective experience of emotion

the changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses

emotion regulation

the cognitive and behavioral efforts people mke to modify their emotions; includes appraisal and expressive-suppression

sexual orientation

the disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex (heterosexual(, the same sex (homosexual) or both sexes (bisexual

appraisal

the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevent it is to one's own welfare; it drives the process by which emotions are elicited

self-actualization

the full realization of one's potentials and abilities in life

set-point

the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature

life-satisfaction

the overall evaluation we make of our lives; an aspect of subjective well-being

drives

the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension

emotional response

the physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that both low arousal and high arousal lead to poor performance, whereas moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance

homeostasis

the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set-point

motivation

the urge to move towards on'es goals to accomplish tasks

self-conscious emotions

types of emotions that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they ocur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by societys rules


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