chapter 12

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Although the rates of smoking in the United States have dropped, about percent of the U.S. population smokes cigarettes.

20 or twenty

The Type behavior pattern is a cluster of behaviors involving hostility and competitiveness which has a negative impact on health.

A

_____ immunity involves endocrine and cellular processes that recognize specific antigens and then reproduce specialized cells or circulating proteins to fight the antigens.

Acquired

Which of the following lists the correct order of the general adaptation syndrome stages?

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

_____ is the body's dynamic way of responding to the world in which the body achieves stability through change.

Allostasis

______ are hormones that control autonomic nervous system activation.

Catecholamines

At what stage of the general adaptation syndrome do negative consequences occur when coping is inadequate?

Exhaustion

Which of the following are the two major neuroendocrine pathways stimulated by the hypothalamus during an emotional event?

HPA Axis adrenal-medullary system

Which of the following is NOT a function or side effect of cortisol?

Increases heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action

______ is the process in which tissues are restored following injury.

Inflammation

is the process in which tissues are restored following injury.

Inflammation

Which of the following is NOT true with regard to the effects of alcohol?

It stimulates, or speeds up, central nervous system functioning, which is why it can elevate mood and lower inhibitions.

Which of the following is NOT a major neuroendocrine pathway stimulated by the hypothalamus during an emotional event?

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

involves both paying attention to the present moment and being aware that everything that may arise in one's own mind will eventually fade away.

Mindfulness meditation

_____ immunity is the first response to an antigen and includes phagocytosis and inflammation.

Natural

______ is the process in which a white blood cell engulfs a substance and digests it or moves it to a place where it will be destroyed.

Phagocytosis

is a process of natural immunity, in which a white blood cell engulfs a substance and digests it or moves it to a place where it will be destroyed.

Phagocytosis

If your roommate plays a stereo loudly while you are sleeping, you might choose to discuss it with her, buy earplugs, or cut the speaker wires. Which type of coping does this represent?

Problem-focused

is a personality trait that means being more flexible and able to bounce back from difficult situations.

Resilient

Coping with stress and trying to find ways to deal with a stressor describes what level of the GAS?

Resistance

is cigarette smoke that is breathed in by people who are near the actual cigarette smoker, and it is a health threat to those who inhale it passively.

Secondhand smoke

______ involves regulating one's feelings or actions regarding the problem.

Self-control

_____ is a response elicited when a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of the situation.

Stress

_____ can be thought of as events or situations that push us to the limit or threaten our safety or well-being.

Stressors

What are the negative health ramifications of remaining in "emergency" mode for long periods of time?

Sustained increases in blood pressure and heart rate may damage the cardiovascular system.

_____ is a way of responding to challenge or stress, characterized by hostility, impatience, competitiveness, and time urgency.

The Type A behavior pattern

What is natural immunity?

The first response to an antigen; it includes phagocytosis and inflammation

What happens when the level of cortisol in the blood adequately meets the body's metabolic needs?

The hypothalamus stops releasing CRF.

What is acquired immunity?

The process of recognizing specific antigens based on previous encounters with said antigen

If a person experiences extremely stressful situations early in life, epigenetic process can modify genes in such a way that the likelihood of developing certain psychological disorders is increased.

True

Regular exercise can slow the rate of bone loss in older women.

True

The development of antibiotics has helped reduce the severity of many diseases, but they are ineffective on viruses.

True

True or False: Sustained increases in blood pressure and heart rate may damage the cardiovascular system.What are the negative health ramifications of remaining in "emergency" mode for long periods of time?

True

True or false: Smokers smoke to regulate both their emotions and nicotine levels.

True

Tugade and Frederickson's research found that resilient people experience quicker recover from stress-induced cardiovascular arousal.

True

When facing a highly infectious disease such as COVID-19, which of the following are the most effective things we can to to deal with it?

Wash our hands thoroughly before and after being in public. Limit direct physical contact. Do not share drinks, cigarettes, or joints.

What is the definition of escape-avoidance?

Wishful thinking or doing something to get one's mind off the situation

The two basic lines of defense of the immune system are _____ immunity and _____ immunity.

acquired; natural

The two basic lines of defense of the immune system are immunity and immunity.

acquired; natural

Which of the following is a key structure involved in the neuroendocrine system?

adrenal glands pituitary gland hypothalamus

The - system is a major neuroendocrine pathway that activates sympathetic neurons which then tell the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine.

adrenal medullary

The _____ is a major neuroendocrine pathway that activates sympathetic neurons which then tell the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine.

adrenal-medullary system

During what stage of the GAS does the sustained release of cortisol move from being helpful to being harmful in the long run?

alarm

The ____ phase of the GAS occurs when an organism initially encounters a stressor.

alarm

Place the phases of the general adaptation syndrome in order, with the first placed at the top of the list.

alarm resistance exhaustion

Today, has largely replaced homeostasis in our understanding of how the brain regulates the body's response to challenges from the environment.

allostasis

A psychoneuroimmunologist would be most likely to study

chemicals involved in the stress response, and how they influence the number of immune cells produced in the body.

The autonomic nervous system responds to stress in ways that affect the system and respiratory system.

circulatory

The consumption of foods such as whole grains and leafy green vegetables may help prevent against cancers of the and .

colon; rectum

Efforts to deal with or manage stress or emotions are called strategies.

coping

Efforts to deal with or stress or emotions are called _____ strategies.

coping

The hypothalamus stops releasing CRF when the level of in the blood adequately meets the body's metabolic needs.

cortisol

_____ is/are released by the adrenal glands to breakdown complex molecules in order to release energy during prolonged stress.

cortisol

is a stress hormone produced by the body during stress to ensure that the body gets enough fuel.

cortisol

Alcohol is a , which means it slows down central nervous system functions.

depressant

The autonomic nervous system, the system, and the brain interact to create a range of changes in bodily systems due to stress.

endocrine

With repeated exposure to a stressor, animals enter the stage of the GAS.

exhaustion

The consumption of high- and less fatty foods such as whole grains and leafy green vegetables may help prevent against cancers of the colon and rectum.

fiber

The is a generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body, composed of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

general adaptation syndrome

The broad field of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is called psychology.

health

The broad field of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is called

health psychology.

Exercise promotes neurogenesis in the of the brain.

hippocampus

Research has found that exercise promotes neurogenesis in the

hippocampus

The Type A behavior pattern is characterized by which of the following?

hostility time urgency competitiveness impatience

After you cut your finger, blood vessels at the injured area contract and dilate to increase blood flow to the area, creating warmth and redness. The dilated vessels then release chemicals and damaged cells release enzymes to destroy invading microorganisms. This is an example of

inflammation

Mindfulness meditation

involves both paying attention to the present moment and being aware that everything that may arise in one's own mind will eventually fade away.

The ____ refers to the world of tiny organisms that live inside us.

microbiome

The refers to the world of tiny organisms that live inside us.

microbiome

We are exposed to secondhand smoke by being the actual cigarette smoker.

near

On failing a psychology exam, Juanita talks with her instructor about why she did so badly so that she might improve her performance in the future. This is an example of -focused coping.

problem

The coping strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them is known as

problem-focused coping.

Dr. Johanson studies psychological factors that lead to immune suppression that might make a person more susceptible to certain diseases. She is studying _____.

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

During the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the individual attempts to find a way to deal with the specific stressor.

resistance

Epigenetic modifications to genes that influence the transport of _____ in synapses can significantly increase the risk of development of depression or anxiety disorders later in life.

serotonin

Nicotine belongs to the class of drugs known as

stimulants.

The _____ view of stress focuses on the stressors, the situations that cause stress.

stimulus

The view of stress focuses on the stressors, the situations that cause stress.

stimulus

Being late on a term paper, the car breaking down, or realizing their is no money in the checking account are all situations that can create for us.

stress

are events that trigger a stress response, pushing people to their limits of control and capability.

stressors

can be thought of as events or situations that push us to the limit or threaten our safety or well-being.

stressors

Nicotine actives the system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

sympathetic nervous

Which of the following interact to create a range of changes in bodily systems as a result of stress?

the brain autonomic nervous system the endocrine system

There are common effects on the body when an individual is exposed to stress. They are referred to as

the general adaptation syndrome.

The autonomic nervous system responds to stress in ways that affect which of the following bodily systems?

the respiratory system the circulatory system

Data show that moderate exercise (as little as walking 20 to 25 minutes a day three to four times a week) can extend life by how long?

three to four years

Identify all of the factors a health psychologist might study:

treatment prevention disease onset

Smoking cigarettes _____ the risk of death from heart disease.

triples


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