chapter 12
Although the rates of smoking in the United States have dropped, about percent of the U.S. population smokes cigarettes.
20 or twenty
The Type behavior pattern is a cluster of behaviors involving hostility and competitiveness which has a negative impact on health.
A
_____ immunity involves endocrine and cellular processes that recognize specific antigens and then reproduce specialized cells or circulating proteins to fight the antigens.
Acquired
Which of the following lists the correct order of the general adaptation syndrome stages?
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
_____ is the body's dynamic way of responding to the world in which the body achieves stability through change.
Allostasis
______ are hormones that control autonomic nervous system activation.
Catecholamines
At what stage of the general adaptation syndrome do negative consequences occur when coping is inadequate?
Exhaustion
Which of the following are the two major neuroendocrine pathways stimulated by the hypothalamus during an emotional event?
HPA Axis adrenal-medullary system
Which of the following is NOT a function or side effect of cortisol?
Increases heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action
______ is the process in which tissues are restored following injury.
Inflammation
is the process in which tissues are restored following injury.
Inflammation
Which of the following is NOT true with regard to the effects of alcohol?
It stimulates, or speeds up, central nervous system functioning, which is why it can elevate mood and lower inhibitions.
Which of the following is NOT a major neuroendocrine pathway stimulated by the hypothalamus during an emotional event?
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
involves both paying attention to the present moment and being aware that everything that may arise in one's own mind will eventually fade away.
Mindfulness meditation
_____ immunity is the first response to an antigen and includes phagocytosis and inflammation.
Natural
______ is the process in which a white blood cell engulfs a substance and digests it or moves it to a place where it will be destroyed.
Phagocytosis
is a process of natural immunity, in which a white blood cell engulfs a substance and digests it or moves it to a place where it will be destroyed.
Phagocytosis
If your roommate plays a stereo loudly while you are sleeping, you might choose to discuss it with her, buy earplugs, or cut the speaker wires. Which type of coping does this represent?
Problem-focused
is a personality trait that means being more flexible and able to bounce back from difficult situations.
Resilient
Coping with stress and trying to find ways to deal with a stressor describes what level of the GAS?
Resistance
is cigarette smoke that is breathed in by people who are near the actual cigarette smoker, and it is a health threat to those who inhale it passively.
Secondhand smoke
______ involves regulating one's feelings or actions regarding the problem.
Self-control
_____ is a response elicited when a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of the situation.
Stress
_____ can be thought of as events or situations that push us to the limit or threaten our safety or well-being.
Stressors
What are the negative health ramifications of remaining in "emergency" mode for long periods of time?
Sustained increases in blood pressure and heart rate may damage the cardiovascular system.
_____ is a way of responding to challenge or stress, characterized by hostility, impatience, competitiveness, and time urgency.
The Type A behavior pattern
What is natural immunity?
The first response to an antigen; it includes phagocytosis and inflammation
What happens when the level of cortisol in the blood adequately meets the body's metabolic needs?
The hypothalamus stops releasing CRF.
What is acquired immunity?
The process of recognizing specific antigens based on previous encounters with said antigen
If a person experiences extremely stressful situations early in life, epigenetic process can modify genes in such a way that the likelihood of developing certain psychological disorders is increased.
True
Regular exercise can slow the rate of bone loss in older women.
True
The development of antibiotics has helped reduce the severity of many diseases, but they are ineffective on viruses.
True
True or False: Sustained increases in blood pressure and heart rate may damage the cardiovascular system.What are the negative health ramifications of remaining in "emergency" mode for long periods of time?
True
True or false: Smokers smoke to regulate both their emotions and nicotine levels.
True
Tugade and Frederickson's research found that resilient people experience quicker recover from stress-induced cardiovascular arousal.
True
When facing a highly infectious disease such as COVID-19, which of the following are the most effective things we can to to deal with it?
Wash our hands thoroughly before and after being in public. Limit direct physical contact. Do not share drinks, cigarettes, or joints.
What is the definition of escape-avoidance?
Wishful thinking or doing something to get one's mind off the situation
The two basic lines of defense of the immune system are _____ immunity and _____ immunity.
acquired; natural
The two basic lines of defense of the immune system are immunity and immunity.
acquired; natural
Which of the following is a key structure involved in the neuroendocrine system?
adrenal glands pituitary gland hypothalamus
The - system is a major neuroendocrine pathway that activates sympathetic neurons which then tell the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine.
adrenal medullary
The _____ is a major neuroendocrine pathway that activates sympathetic neurons which then tell the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine.
adrenal-medullary system
During what stage of the GAS does the sustained release of cortisol move from being helpful to being harmful in the long run?
alarm
The ____ phase of the GAS occurs when an organism initially encounters a stressor.
alarm
Place the phases of the general adaptation syndrome in order, with the first placed at the top of the list.
alarm resistance exhaustion
Today, has largely replaced homeostasis in our understanding of how the brain regulates the body's response to challenges from the environment.
allostasis
A psychoneuroimmunologist would be most likely to study
chemicals involved in the stress response, and how they influence the number of immune cells produced in the body.
The autonomic nervous system responds to stress in ways that affect the system and respiratory system.
circulatory
The consumption of foods such as whole grains and leafy green vegetables may help prevent against cancers of the and .
colon; rectum
Efforts to deal with or manage stress or emotions are called strategies.
coping
Efforts to deal with or stress or emotions are called _____ strategies.
coping
The hypothalamus stops releasing CRF when the level of in the blood adequately meets the body's metabolic needs.
cortisol
_____ is/are released by the adrenal glands to breakdown complex molecules in order to release energy during prolonged stress.
cortisol
is a stress hormone produced by the body during stress to ensure that the body gets enough fuel.
cortisol
Alcohol is a , which means it slows down central nervous system functions.
depressant
The autonomic nervous system, the system, and the brain interact to create a range of changes in bodily systems due to stress.
endocrine
With repeated exposure to a stressor, animals enter the stage of the GAS.
exhaustion
The consumption of high- and less fatty foods such as whole grains and leafy green vegetables may help prevent against cancers of the colon and rectum.
fiber
The is a generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body, composed of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
general adaptation syndrome
The broad field of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is called psychology.
health
The broad field of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is called
health psychology.
Exercise promotes neurogenesis in the of the brain.
hippocampus
Research has found that exercise promotes neurogenesis in the
hippocampus
The Type A behavior pattern is characterized by which of the following?
hostility time urgency competitiveness impatience
After you cut your finger, blood vessels at the injured area contract and dilate to increase blood flow to the area, creating warmth and redness. The dilated vessels then release chemicals and damaged cells release enzymes to destroy invading microorganisms. This is an example of
inflammation
Mindfulness meditation
involves both paying attention to the present moment and being aware that everything that may arise in one's own mind will eventually fade away.
The ____ refers to the world of tiny organisms that live inside us.
microbiome
The refers to the world of tiny organisms that live inside us.
microbiome
We are exposed to secondhand smoke by being the actual cigarette smoker.
near
On failing a psychology exam, Juanita talks with her instructor about why she did so badly so that she might improve her performance in the future. This is an example of -focused coping.
problem
The coping strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them is known as
problem-focused coping.
Dr. Johanson studies psychological factors that lead to immune suppression that might make a person more susceptible to certain diseases. She is studying _____.
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
During the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the individual attempts to find a way to deal with the specific stressor.
resistance
Epigenetic modifications to genes that influence the transport of _____ in synapses can significantly increase the risk of development of depression or anxiety disorders later in life.
serotonin
Nicotine belongs to the class of drugs known as
stimulants.
The _____ view of stress focuses on the stressors, the situations that cause stress.
stimulus
The view of stress focuses on the stressors, the situations that cause stress.
stimulus
Being late on a term paper, the car breaking down, or realizing their is no money in the checking account are all situations that can create for us.
stress
are events that trigger a stress response, pushing people to their limits of control and capability.
stressors
can be thought of as events or situations that push us to the limit or threaten our safety or well-being.
stressors
Nicotine actives the system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.
sympathetic nervous
Which of the following interact to create a range of changes in bodily systems as a result of stress?
the brain autonomic nervous system the endocrine system
There are common effects on the body when an individual is exposed to stress. They are referred to as
the general adaptation syndrome.
The autonomic nervous system responds to stress in ways that affect which of the following bodily systems?
the respiratory system the circulatory system
Data show that moderate exercise (as little as walking 20 to 25 minutes a day three to four times a week) can extend life by how long?
three to four years
Identify all of the factors a health psychologist might study:
treatment prevention disease onset
Smoking cigarettes _____ the risk of death from heart disease.
triples
