Chapter 12 Properties of Matter

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how can the strength of an object be determined?

-how much the object bends under applied force -how much the object can withstand before breaking

what two things does the density of a solid depend on?

-the individual mass of each atom or molecule -how closely the atoms or molecules are packed together

what is a Pascal?

A unit of pressure equal to a force of 1 Newton acting over 1 square meter

what is it called when any change transforms one substance into a different substance?

a chemical change

what is mass?

a fundamental property of matter

what is viscosity?

a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow

what is hardness?

a measure of a solid's resistance to scratching

what is tensile strength?

a measure of how much stress from pulling, or tension, a material can withstand before breaking

what is amorphous?

a random arrangement of atoms or molecules in a solid

what is Bernoulli's principle?

a relationship that describes energy conservation in a fluid

do all solid material expand as the temperature increases?

almost all solids

what is highly malleable metal?

aluminum

if you know an object's weight how can you automatically know if it sinks or float?

an object sinks if the density is greater than the liquid it is submerged in and an object floats if its density is less that the liquid

what is crystalline?

an orderly, repeating arrangement of atoms or molecules in a solid

what is a fluid?

any matter that flows when force is applied

when does the density of solids decrease?

as the temperature increases because solids expand when heated

if one variable increases along a streamline what happens to the other 2 variables?

at least one must decrease

why are amorphous solid softer?

because the molecules are not tightly connected to its neighboring molecules

why do gases have a low density?

because the molecules in a gas are far away for each other

what are chemical properties?

characteristics that can only be observed when one substance changes into a different substance

what are physical properties?

characteristics that you can observe directly

What causes pressure?

collisions frome atoms and molecules

what do physical properties included?

color, texture, density, brittleness, and state of matter

are most solids on earth crystalline or amorphous?

crystalline

what is the formula for density?

density = mass/volume

what is the hardest natural substance on Earth?

diamond

what are high-viscosity fluids?

fluids that take longer to pour fro their containers

what is weight?

force caused by gravity

what is the formula for force?

force= pressure x area

what is a good example of a brittle material?

glass

what material barely expands?

glass

what are the 3 variables that are related by energy conservation?

height, pressure, and speed

what are streamlines?

imaginary lines drawn to show the flow of fluid

how does pressure act?

in all directions EXCEPT the direction of the applied force

what is a physical change?

is any change in the size, shape, or phase of matter in which the substance does not change

what is an example of a high viscosity fluid?

ketchup

are mass and weight the same thing?

no

do size and shape change a material's density?

no

does an incompressible fluid decrease in volume when pressure is increased?

no

are chemical changes reversible?

no, not easily

what material expands a great deal?

plastic

what is one of the densest metals?

platinum

what does differences in pressure create?

potential energy in fluids

what is psi?

pounds per square inch

what is the formula for pressure?

pressure = force/area

in addition to potential and kinetic energy what else do fluids have?

pressure energy

the strength of the buoyant force is ___________ to the volume of the part of the object that is submerged.

proportional

what are examples of amorphous solids?

rubber, plastic, wax, and glass

what are examples of crystalline materials?

salts, minerals, and metals

amorphous solids are often ________ and more _______ than crystalline solids

softer, elastic

what phase are material most dense in?

solid

what is Archimedes' principle?

states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces

what material has a high tensile strength?

steel

what is it call if friction is neglected, the total energy stays constant?

Bernoulli's principle

what is malleability?

the ability of a solid to be pounded into thin sheets

what is elasticity?

the ability to be stretched or compressed and the return to original size

what is ductility?

the ability to bend without breaking

what ability does elasticity give objects?

the ability to bounce and withstand impact without breaking

what is strength?

the ability to maintain shape under the application of force

what is pressure?

the amount of force exerted per unit of area

why do objects float?

the buoyant force is greater than the object's weight

why do objects sink?

the buoyant force is less than the object's weight

what is buoyancy?

the measure of the upward force that a fluid exerts on an object that is submerged

what is Pascal's Principle?

the pressure applied to an incompressible fluid in a closed container is transmitted equally in all parts of the fluid

how is viscosity determined?

the shape and size of the particles

what is thermal expansion?

the tendency of the atoms or molecules in a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) to take up more space as the temperature increases

what is brittleness?

the tendency to crack or break (the opposite of elasticity)

what is average density?

the total mass divided by the total volume

when temperature increases what happens to atoms and molecules?

the vibration of atoms and molecules increase too

what happens when the temperature of a liquid increases?

the viscosity decreases

what does the strength of buoyant force depend?

the volume of the object the is submerged

what allows metals to be formed into wires?

their ductility

what do chemical and physical properties help us with?

they help us distinguish substances from one another and help us choose which substance to use for specific purposes

what is an example of a low viscosity fluid?

water

what material have a low tensile strength?

wax, rubber, and brittle materials

why is ice less dense than liquid water?

when water molecules freeze into ice crystals they form a pattern that has a large amount of empty space

what is the density of water?

1.0 g/cm3

what is platinum's density?

21.5 g/cm3


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