chapter 12&13 ap psychology
major depressive disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
Systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
An eye-tracking device that measures an individual's ability to focus on and follow spots of light has been used for the assessment of
ADHD
It has been suggested that the desperate efforts of traumatized victims to detach themselves from the experience of severe and prolonged abuse may contribute to
Dissociative identity disorder
Cognitive therapy works, top-down, by changing thought processes. Antidepressant drugs work, bottom-up, on the emotion-forming
Limbic system
Cognitive changes that accompany depression include a
Negative outcome
The psychologist who questioned whether DID is a genuine disorder is
Nicholas Spanos
While driving to work, Pedro hears a radio advertisement for a new restaurant. Throughout the day, the tune associated with the advertisement keeps running through his head. Pedro's inability to stop thinking about the tune best illustrates the nature of a(n)
Obsession
In the United States, managed health care has severely limited the length of mental health services that may be covered by insurance. This is particularly likely to discourage the widespread practice of
Psychoanalysis
Which of the following biomedical treatments provides some of the benefits of ECT without triggering seizures or memory loss?
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Electroconvulsive therapy
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
Schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Surgically cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain is called
a lobotomy
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Psychoanalysts are most likely to
attend to patients' positive and negative feelings toward their therapists.
Systematic desensitization involves replacing a negative response with a positive response, whereas ________ involves replacing a positive response with a negative response.
aversive conditioning
Those who engage in spurts of excessive overeating, followed by remorse—but do not binge, purge, fast, or exercise excessively—are said to have
binge-eating disorder
It is most helpful to use ________ for explaining why certain psychological disorders occur only in particular cultures
biopsychosocial approach
Lithium has been found to be especially effective in the treatment of
bipolar disorder
Although Mrs. Petrides usually sits passively in a motionless stupor, she sometimes repetitiously shakes her head or waves her arms. She most likely suffers from
catatonia
In terms of the role of the family environment on eating disorders, research has discounted which of the following factors?
childhood sexual abuse
Carl Rogers is known for the development of
client-centered therapy/humanistic
Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Stattler remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Stattler's depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for not being able to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is most representative of
cognitive therapy
In classical conditioning therapies, maladaptive symptoms are usually considered to be
conditioned responses
Freud's efforts to understand and treat psychological disorders stemmed from his puzzlement over ________ disorders.
conversions
False beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia are called
delusions
The rise of Western individualism appears most clearly responsible for an increase in
depression
Psychoanalysts would be most likely to discourage patients from
discontinue psychotherapy whenever it felt like it was no longer necessary
Disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity are most characteristic of ________ disorders.
dissociative
Replacing a negative response with a positive response is too systematic desensitization as replacing a positive response with a negative response is to
eclectic therapy
Which of the following treatments is most likely to be used only with severely depressed patients?
electroconvulsive therapy
SSRIs are prescribed to
elevate arousal and mood
Preventive mental health attempts to reduce the incidence of psychological disorders by
establishing programs to wipe out poverty and demoralizing situations
The reduced self-control of murderers is most closely related to reduced brain activity in their _______ lobes
frontal
A traumatic experience may trigger a lasting phobia in a child with a sensitive, high-strung temperament. The same experience, however, may have no long-term impact on a child with a more relaxed temperament. This best illustrates the role of ________ in the development of phobias.
genetic predisposition
Resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Psychodynamic therapies try to understand patients' current symptoms by focusing on recurring patterns in their
interpersonal relationships
Obsessions are
intrusive, offensive, and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person
Julius is obsessed with avoiding germs and feels compelled to bathe at least 10 times every day. His therapist suggests that Julius continues his maladaptive bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective.
learning perspective
constructive memory
memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces
Which of the following is a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies?
meta-analysis
People born in ________ during the month of ________ are at increased risk for schizophrenia.
north america during feb
As Jordan watches, his brother receives an electric shock from touching the frayed toaster cord. Jordan is now intensely afraid of toasters. This best illustrates that fear can be learned through
observational learning
Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing a
ocd
Positive psychological changes that result from struggling with extremely challenging life crises demonstrate
post traumatic growth
Helping people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorder is a central aim of
psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as
psychoanalysis
antisocial personality disorder
psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience
A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome excessive anxiety would generally be best described as a
psychotherapist
During psychotherapy, Leon would begin to stutter whenever he began discussing personally sensitive thoughts. Sigmund Freud would have been likely to interpret this stuttering as
resistance
Jabar, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Jabar is most likely suffering from
schizophrenia
EMDR is most similar to a technique known as
systematic desensitization
The repeated association of pleasant relaxing states with stimuli that arouse fear is a central feature of
systematic desensitization
dopamine hypothesis
the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
Psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
Those with a narcissistic personality disorder are likely to be preoccupied with
their own self-importance.
Token economy
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
According to the medical model, psychological disorders are
viewed as mental sickness with symptoms and can be cured through therapy
Which of the following is a form of counterconditioning?
virtual reality exposure therapy