chapter 12&13 ap psychology

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

An eye-tracking device that measures an individual's ability to focus on and follow spots of light has been used for the assessment of

ADHD

It has been suggested that the desperate efforts of traumatized victims to detach themselves from the experience of severe and prolonged abuse may contribute to

Dissociative identity disorder

Cognitive therapy works, top-down, by changing thought processes. Antidepressant drugs work, bottom-up, on the emotion-forming

Limbic system

Cognitive changes that accompany depression include a

Negative outcome

The psychologist who questioned whether DID is a genuine disorder is

Nicholas Spanos

While driving to work, Pedro hears a radio advertisement for a new restaurant. Throughout the day, the tune associated with the advertisement keeps running through his head. Pedro's inability to stop thinking about the tune best illustrates the nature of a(n)

Obsession

In the United States, managed health care has severely limited the length of mental health services that may be covered by insurance. This is particularly likely to discourage the widespread practice of

Psychoanalysis

Which of the following biomedical treatments provides some of the benefits of ECT without triggering seizures or memory loss?

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Surgically cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain is called

a lobotomy

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

Psychoanalysts are most likely to

attend to patients' positive and negative feelings toward their therapists.

Systematic desensitization involves replacing a negative response with a positive response, whereas ________ involves replacing a positive response with a negative response.

aversive conditioning

Those who engage in spurts of excessive overeating, followed by remorse—but do not binge, purge, fast, or exercise excessively—are said to have

binge-eating disorder

It is most helpful to use ________ for explaining why certain psychological disorders occur only in particular cultures

biopsychosocial approach

Lithium has been found to be especially effective in the treatment of

bipolar disorder

Although Mrs. Petrides usually sits passively in a motionless stupor, she sometimes repetitiously shakes her head or waves her arms. She most likely suffers from

catatonia

In terms of the role of the family environment on eating disorders, research has discounted which of the following factors?

childhood sexual abuse

Carl Rogers is known for the development of

client-centered therapy/humanistic

Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Stattler remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Stattler's depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for not being able to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is most representative of

cognitive therapy

In classical conditioning therapies, maladaptive symptoms are usually considered to be

conditioned responses

Freud's efforts to understand and treat psychological disorders stemmed from his puzzlement over ________ disorders.

conversions

False beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia are called

delusions

The rise of Western individualism appears most clearly responsible for an increase in

depression

Psychoanalysts would be most likely to discourage patients from

discontinue psychotherapy whenever it felt like it was no longer necessary

Disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity are most characteristic of ________ disorders.

dissociative

Replacing a negative response with a positive response is too systematic desensitization as replacing a positive response with a negative response is to

eclectic therapy

Which of the following treatments is most likely to be used only with severely depressed patients?

electroconvulsive therapy

SSRIs are prescribed to

elevate arousal and mood

Preventive mental health attempts to reduce the incidence of psychological disorders by

establishing programs to wipe out poverty and demoralizing situations

The reduced self-control of murderers is most closely related to reduced brain activity in their _______ lobes

frontal

A traumatic experience may trigger a lasting phobia in a child with a sensitive, high-strung temperament. The same experience, however, may have no long-term impact on a child with a more relaxed temperament. This best illustrates the role of ________ in the development of phobias.

genetic predisposition

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Psychodynamic therapies try to understand patients' current symptoms by focusing on recurring patterns in their

interpersonal relationships

Obsessions are

intrusive, offensive, and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person

Julius is obsessed with avoiding germs and feels compelled to bathe at least 10 times every day. His therapist suggests that Julius continues his maladaptive bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective.

learning perspective

constructive memory

memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces

Which of the following is a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies?

meta-analysis

People born in ________ during the month of ________ are at increased risk for schizophrenia.

north america during feb

As Jordan watches, his brother receives an electric shock from touching the frayed toaster cord. Jordan is now intensely afraid of toasters. This best illustrates that fear can be learned through

observational learning

Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing a

ocd

Positive psychological changes that result from struggling with extremely challenging life crises demonstrate

post traumatic growth

Helping people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorder is a central aim of

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as

psychoanalysis

antisocial personality disorder

psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience

A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome excessive anxiety would generally be best described as a

psychotherapist

During psychotherapy, Leon would begin to stutter whenever he began discussing personally sensitive thoughts. Sigmund Freud would have been likely to interpret this stuttering as

resistance

Jabar, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Jabar is most likely suffering from

schizophrenia

EMDR is most similar to a technique known as

systematic desensitization

The repeated association of pleasant relaxing states with stimuli that arouse fear is a central feature of

systematic desensitization

dopamine hypothesis

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Those with a narcissistic personality disorder are likely to be preoccupied with

their own self-importance.

Token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

According to the medical model, psychological disorders are

viewed as mental sickness with symptoms and can be cured through therapy

Which of the following is a form of counterconditioning?

virtual reality exposure therapy