Chapter 13 AP EURO

English Bill of Rights

prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the throne.

parliamentary monarchy absolutism

-A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament

intendants

-French government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.

War of Devolution

—this war was fought by Louis in order to support his first wife—Marie Therese—to inherit the Spanish Netherlands.

France After Louis XIV

- Despite its loss in the War of Spanish Succession, France remained a great power. - Louis XIV was succeeded by his five-year-old great grandson Louis V whose uncle, the duke of Orleans, became regent and remained so until his death in 1720.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

-Economic minister to Louis XIV -His financial programs made it possible for Louis to raise and maintain a large and powerful army.

Peace of Nijmwegen

-France gained more territory by the provisions of this treaty including the Franche-Comte.

Test Act

-Parliament passed this measure to exclude Roman Catholics from public service and, more importantly, to prevent the ascension of James, duke of York and brother of Charles II, to the throne.

Fronde

-The last aristocratic revolt against a French monarch. -convinced most French people that the rule of a strong king was preferable to that of many regional powers with competing and irreconcilable claims -learned that heavy handed policies can endanger the monarchy

Ad Sacram Sedem (1656)

-louis permitted this papal bull banning Jansenism

Declaration of Indulgence

-permitted free worship in England

raison d état

-the right of the state

Provincial Letters

-written by Pascal in defense of Jansenism

James II and Renewed Fears of a Catholic England

- King James II works to gain rights for Catholics in England -He immediately demanded the repeal of the Test Act. -James II issued the Declaration of Indulgence: permitted free worship in England -He imprisoned seven Anglican bishops who refused to publicize his suspension of laws against Catholics. -These actions attacked the local authority of nobles, landowners, the church, and other corporate bodies whose members believed they possessed particular legal privileges. -People of England hoped that James II would be succeeded by Mary, his Protestant and eldest daughter. -Mary was the wife of William III of Orange, the leader of European opposition to Louis XIV. -James II's Catholic second wife gave birth to a son and there was now a Catholic male heir to the throne. -Those opposed to James II—and Catholicism—in Parliament invited William to invade England to preserve its "traditional liberties" of Anglicanism and parliamentary government.

Suppression of the Jansenists

- Traditionally, the French Roman Catholic Church enjoyed "Gallican Liberties" from papal authority in Rome but after the conversion of King Henry IV to Catholicism, the Jesuits in France—who were fiercely loyal to the Catholic Church—monopolized the education of French upper-class men. -Jesuits served as confessors to Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV. -A Roman Catholic religious movement known as Jansenism arose in the 1630s in opposition to the political influence of the Jesuits. -Jansenists followed the teachings of Saint Augustine which had also influenced many Protestant doctrines. -They believed—like Augustine—that human beings had been so corrupted by original sin and could do nothing good nor contribute anything to their own salvation. -Jansenists, although devoutly Roman Catholic, lived austere and pious lives quite like the Puritans in England, and like the Puritans they became associated with opposition to royal authority. -Jansenists families were associated with the Fronde. -Cornelius Jansen was the founder of the movement and published Augustinius which condemned Jesuit teaching on grace and salvation as morally lax. -On May 31, 1653, Pope Innocent X declared certain Jansenists teachings heretical and banned Jansen's Augustinius. -Louis permitted the papal bull banning Jansenists and therefore turned his back on the traditional Gallican Liberties of the French Church which fostered opposition to royal authority within the French Church. -During the 18th century—after the death of Louis XIV—the Parlement of Paris and other judicial bodies in France reasserted their authority in opposition to the monarchy.

Puritans

-A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Charles I: intro

-Although pressure from Parliament plunged Europe into war with Spain, its members refused to allow Charles to raise taxes that were needed to finance the war. -Charles decided to levy new tariffs and duties and added a tax on property owners—which was called a forced loan which the monarchy was theoretically supposed to repay—and imprisoned those who refused to pay. -People in England were outraged when troops were quartered in private homes. -Parliament met in 1623 and agreed to grant new funds to Charles if he agreed to sign the Petition of Right that required no forced loans or taxes without Parliament's consent, that no freeman should be imprisoned without due cause, and troops should not be quartered in private homes. -Charles agreed to it but then dissolved Parliament the next year in 1624 and did not recall it until 1640.

mercantilism

-An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

On the Frequent Communion

-Antoine Arnold published this work in which he criticized the Jesuits for confessional practices that permitted the easy redress of almost any sin

Jansenists

-Catholics whose doctrines and practices resembled some aspects of Protestantism, stressed the need for God's grace in achieving salvation, Louis XIV closed them down

Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy

-Charles II—the son of the beheaded Charles—was asked by the leaders of England's armed forces to return and take the throne. -Charles II took the throne in 1660 and immediately restored England to the normalcy of 1642 with a hereditary monarch, a Parliament of Lords and Commons that met only when summoned by the king, and the Anglican Church. -Charles advocated religious toleration but Parliament passed the Clarendon Code between 1661 and 1665 that excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, and the Independents from the official political and religious life of the nation. -Treaty of Dover -Test Act -Popish Plan -Charles II grew suspicious of Parliament and was able to rule from 1681 to 1685 without calling it into session. -He drove Shaftesbury into exile, executed several Whig leaders, and bullied local corporations into electing members of Parliament who would be submissive to the royal will. -When Charles II died in 1685—after a deathbed conversion to Catholicism—he left James the prospect of a Parliament filled with royal friends.

Charles I: Years of Personal Rule

-Charles ended his wars with France and Spain in order to conserve money -His chief advisor, Thomas Wentworth, worked to centralize the power of the monarchy and exploited every means possible to impose new taxes - In 1637, Charles—with the help of Archbishop William Laud--attempted to impose the English episcopate system and prayer book on Scotland in order to establish religious uniformity. -The Scots rebelled and Charles was forced to call Parliament into session in 1640 in order to raise revenue to suppress the rebellion. -Parliament refused to allocate more funds to Charles and he immediately dissolved Parliament. -When the Scots defeated the English at the Battle of Newburn, Charles reconvened Parliament for a long duration.

Arminians

-Church group favored by Charles I that rejected Puritan beliefs -The fundamental principle in Arminianism is the rejection of predestination, and a corresponding affirmation of the freedom of the human will.

Two Models of European Political Development: Political Absolutism-France

-Due to changes in warfare and increased expenses of commercial centralized states, only monarchies that succeeded in building a secure financial base that was not dependent on the support of nobles or assemblies achieved absolute rule. -As we saw with the French Wars of religion, noble families in France like the Bourbon, Valois, and Montmorency-Chatillons, had significant military forces at their disposal but that drastically changed when Louis XIII took power.

Two Models of European Political Development: intro

-During the 17th century, England and France moved in different political directions. -England developed into a parliamentary monarchy with a policy of limited religious toleration. The House of Lords and the House of Commons (elected by the people) shared power with the monarch. -France developed an absolutist, centralized form of government dominated by a monarchy. -Liberalism: Classical liberalism is a political and economic philosophy, originally founded on the Enlightenment tradition that tries to circumscribe the limits of political power and to define and support individual rights. -These terms, though useful, conceal considerable complexity. -In England, the monarch controlled the army, foreign policy, and much patronage. -In France, laws, traditions, and local institutions limited the monarch's power.

Charles I: The Long Parliament

-Enemies of Charles in Parliament: -landowners and merchants did not agree with his financial measures and paternalistic rule. -Puritans in Parliament resented his religious policies and distrusted his Catholic wife. -Parliament forces Charles to meet with them continuously from 1640-1660 -During this session the House of Commons impeached Strafford and Laud and both were executed. -Parliament abolished the royal courts used to enforce royal policy and prohibited the levying of new taxes without its consent. -Religious issues divided Parliament -Both moderate Puritans (the Presbyterians) and more extreme Puritans (the Independents) wanted to abolish bishops and the Book of Common Prayer. -religious conservatives, however, wanted to preserve the Church of England in its current form.

Treaty of Dover (1670)

-England and France formally entered an alliance against the Dutch, their chief commercial competitor. -In a secret part of the treaty, Charles II promised to announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions in England allowed for it. -Louis XIV—the king of France—promised to pay Charles II a substantial subsidy for his conversion to Catholicism.

War of Spanish Succession

-France entered this war poorly equipped and without adequate finances or skilled generals. -England, conversely, had advanced weapons (flintlock rifles, paper cartridges, and ring bayonets) and superior tactics (thin, maneuverable troop columns rather than traditional deep ones) -John Churchill, the English duke of Marlborough, defeated Louis's soldiers at every major battle. -France made peace with England at Utrecht in July 1713.o Philip V remained king of Spain but renounced his place in the line to the throne in France which prevented the union of the two major powers. -England was given control of Gibraltar and the island of Minorca. -Louis recognized the right of the House of Hanover to the English throne.

parlements

-French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles. The Parlement of Paris claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law.

The Age of Walpole

-George I confronted an immediate challenge to his title when James Edward Stuart, the Catholic son of James II, landed in Scotland in December 1715 but met defeat in less than two months. -This conflict put the legitimacy of the Hanover monarchy in flux until Sir Robert Walpole took over the helm of government. -Walpole was supported by George I and experienced great success from 1721 to 1742 due to his ability to handle the House of Commons and his control of government patronage. -Walpole maintained peace abroad and expanded Great Britain's commercial interest from New England to India. -Walpole's policies encouraged nobles and other landowners to serve as local government administrators, judges, military commanders, and to collect and pay taxes to support a strong navy that would protect Great Britain's world empire. -Free speech and religious toleration flourished during this period and British political life became the model for all progressive Europeans who questioned absolutism.

Charles I: Eruption of Civil War

-In 1641, Parliament was asked to raise revenue in order to suppress the Scottish rebellion. -Parliament feared what the king would do if he had an army at his disposal so they discussed making Parliament commander -in -chief of the armed forces. -in January 1642, Charles invaded a meeting of Parliament intent on arresting certain members who opposed his policies. Charles then left London to raise an army to suppress the rebellious members of Parliament. -the House of Commons passed the Militia Ordinance which gave Parliament the authority to raise an army of its own. -Fighting between the Roundheads (those who supported Parliament) and the Cavaliers (those who supported the king) waged war from 1642-1646.

Popish Plan

-In 1678, Titus Oates claimed that Charles's Catholic wife was plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill the king so James could assume the throne. -Parliament believed Oates and anti-Catholic sentiment in Parliament, a group that became known as the Whigs who were led by the earl of Shaftesbury, made an unsuccessful effort to exclude James from succession to the throne.

Two Models of European Political Development: Part Three

-In France, Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin were expert statesmen. -The Stuarts were lazy, acted on whim, and did not keep their word. -They rarely granted compromise and had faulty judgment. -They probably, at times, also had Catholic sympathies in a now Protestant nation. -In both England and France, the nobility and large landowners stood at the top of the social hierarchy and sought to protect their interests. -Parliamentary government in England was the result of the landed to protect their concerns and limit the power of the monarchy. -The French nobility, in contrast, concluded that the best way to secure its own interests was to support the monarchy. =Louis rewarded them with patronage and tax exemptions. At the onset of the 1600s, the countries were switched: England with a strong monarchy and France with a weak one. -French nobles even kept militias that threatened the monarchy. The situations would swap over 100 years.

Government Geared for Warfare: Colbert and the French economy

-Jean Baptise Colbert, controller general of finances and Louis's most brilliant minister created the economic base Louis needed to finance his wars -Colbert worked to centralize the French economy -Colbert tried, with moderate success, to organize much economic activity under state supervision and, through tariffs, carefully regulated the flow of imports and exports -he sought to create new national industries and organized factories around a tight regimen of work and ideology -he simplified the administrative bureaucracy, abolished unnecessary positions, and reduced the number of tax-exempt nobles -he also increased the taille (direct tax on peasantry) -many say his "paternalism" was the major reason of the failure of the French colonies -policies transformed France into being a major commercial power

Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England: James I:

-King James IV of Scotland—the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, succeeded the childless Elizabeth to the throne of England in 1602. -He strongly believed in the divine right of kings and expected to rule with little consultation beyond his own royal court. -In place of parliamentary approved revenues, James gained a new source of income when he levied new custom duties known as impositions which Parliament felt violated their power of the purse. -Puritans wanted to destroy the hierarchical organization of the Anglican Church and do away with the Episcopal system of church governance under bishops appointed by the king with a more representative Presbyterian form, but James refused to consider their ideas and sought to enhance the Anglican episcopacy. -Many religious dissenters left England during James's reign and founded Plymouth Colony in North America where they could freely practice. -The court of James had a scandalous reputation due to the authority wielded by the duke of Buckingham who was not only rumored to be James's homosexual lover but also sold positions of rank to the highest bidder which annoyed the nobles who believed this undermined their rank. -Many believed that James sought to re-Catholicize England due to the peace he established with Spain, the fact that he relaxed penal laws against Catholics, he did not rush to send troops to defend the German Protestants at the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, and he arranged the marriage of his son, Charles, to Henrietta Maria, the Catholic daughter of Henry IV of France. -In 1624, shortly before James's death, England again went to war with Spain largely in response to parliamentary pressures

Versailles

-Louis and his advisors became masters of propaganda and political image creation. -he dominated the nobility by proving he could outspend them on social displays -Louis used the palace of Versailles to exert political control. -Versailles, built between 1676 and 1708 on the outskirts of Paris, was designed and decorated to proclaim the glory of the Sun King, as Louis was known. -the palace housed thousands of the more important nobles, royal officers, and servants; the nobles, in theory, grew dependent upon the king. -Ritual and etiquette were very important at Versailles and moments near the king were important to most court nobles who were excluded from the real business of government.

The League of Augsburg and the Nine Years' War

-Louis attempted to expand the national boundaries of France and in 1681 sent his forces to occupy the free city of Strasbourg on the Rhine River. -The League of Augsburg formed to stop French aggression and was comprised of a coalition of English, Spanish, Swedish, German, and Dutch troops who fought a series of battles against France between 1689 and 1697 in what was known as the Nine Years' War. -the Peace of Ryswick ended the war and it secured Holland's borders and prevented Louis's expansion into Germany.

Treaty of Aix la Chapelle

-Louis gained control of certain towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands.

King by Divine Right

-Louis was tutored as a child by the political theorist Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet who defended the notion of the "divine right of kings." -Medieval popes argued that only God could judge a pope and Bossuet argued that only God could judge a king. -Louis allegedly once declared, "L'etat, c'est moi ("I am the state.") -Louis' absolutism applied to national interests like the making of war or peace, the regulation of religion, and the oversight of economic activity. Local institutions retained their administrative authority. -Unlike the Stuart monarchs of England, Louis firmly prevented the intervention of nobles and legislative bodies from interfering with his authority on the national level.

Government Geared for Warfare: Lousvious, Vauban, and the French military

-Louis's army, was the creation of Louvois -before Louvious, the french army had been an amalgam of recruits and mercenaries, uncoordinated groups whose loyalty could not always be counted on -troops often lived on pillage -Louvious instituted good salaries and improved discipline, making soldering a respectable profession -he limited military commissions and introduced a system of promotion by merit, bringing dedicated fighters into ranks -intendants, the kings ubiquitous civil servants, monitored conduct at all levels -this new standing army had considerable public support -this new army did not threaten the lives of the people it was protecting -Sebastien vauban= military engineering -perfected the arts of fortifying and besieging towns -he also devised the trench warfare, and developed the concept on defensive frontiers

Early Wars with the Netherlands and Spain

-Louis's goal was to secure international boundaries for France. -War of Devolution—this war was fought by Louis in order to support his first wife—Marie Therese—to inherit the Spanish Netherlands. -Louis's armies invaded Flanders and the Franche-Comte and faced stiff opposition from an alliance of England, Sweden, and the United Provinces of the Netherlands. -By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Louis gained control of certain towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands. -Louis invaded the Netherlands again in 1672 in which he faced a coalition of Netherlands, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Lorraine, and Brandenburg. -The war ended inconclusively with the Peace of Nijmwegen, signed with different parties in successive years; France gained more territory by the provisions of this treaty including the Franche-Comte.

divine right by kings

-Mentality that kings were appointed by god

War of Spanish Succession: Background

-On November 1, 1700, the last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II, died without direct heirs but before he died, however, he left his entire inheritance to Louis's grandson Philip of Anjou, who became Philip V of Spain. -Philip was the grandson of Charles' sister Maria Theresa and Louis XIV and it looked as though Spain had fallen into French hands. -in 1701, England, Holland, and the Holy Roman Empire assembled the Grand Alliance to preserve the balance of power in Europe.

Renewed Authority of the Parlements

-Orleans weakened the monarchy in France by drawing the nobility back into the decision-making processes of the government. -He set up a system of councils on which nobles served but the experiment proved to be a failure since the nobility seemed to lack the talent and desire to govern. -Despite their inadequacies, the nobility continued to assert their ancient privileges and local influence over the monarchy. -Orleans reversed the policy of Louis XIV and reinstituted the full power of the Parlement. -Parlement became a vehicle for resistance to the monarchy in France and the general public became increasingly interested in curbing royal authority. -Cardinal Fleury became a leader in Parlement and worked to preserve the authority of the monarchy while also preserving the local interest of the French nobility. -Fleury is often compared to Walpole in England because he pursued economic prosperity at home and tried to avoid war abroad.

Two Models of European Political Development: Political Absolutism- England

-Queen Elizabeth had established a strong central monarchy in England and the Stuart monarchs who followed her sought to establish the autocracy achieved by Louis XIV in France. -However, through the course of several events like the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution, Parliament gained tremendous power in England by the beginning of the eighteenth century.

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

-Tension between the Catholic majority (90%) and Protestants in France remained high in the years following the issuance of the Edict of Nantes in 1598. -There were approximately 1.75 million Huguenots out of a total population of 18 million -The French Catholic Church encouraged the persecution of Huguenots claiming it was a patriotic duty. -Madame de Maintenon, mistress and eventually second wife of Louis XIV, was a devout Catholic and expected the same from Louis. -Louis started a systematic eradication of Huguenots from public life by banning them from government office and excluded them from certain professions like printing and medicine; furthermore, he burdened them by quartering troops in their towns. -In October 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes and significantly limited the rights of Protestants in France. - Protestant churches and schools were closed; Protestant ministers were exiled; Non-converting laity were condemned to be galley slaves; Protestant children were baptized by Catholic priests. -Louis oppression of Protestants in France signified that he was a fanatic and France became a symbol of repression in contrast to England's moderate -if not complete—religious toleration.

Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France

-The French monarchy, which had faced numerous challenges from strong, well armed nobles and discontented Protestants during the first half of the seventeenth century, gradually gained firm authority by the eighteenth century. -two powerful chief ministers, Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin, laid the groundwork for political absolutism in France. -Richelieu revoked many of the privileges that had been granted to French Protestants through the Edict of Nantes. -A series of widespread rebellions among the French nobles between 1649 and 1652 known as the Fronde was push back against the centralizing efforts of the monarchy.

John Law's Economic Reforms

-The duke of Orleans was a gambler and for a time he turned over the financial management of France to John Law, a Scottish mathematician and fellow gambler. -John set up a national bank in Paris and printed money in order to increase the amount in circulation and stimulate the economy. -Law also organized a monopoly called the Mississippi Company on trading privileges with the French colony of Louisiana. -The Mississippi Company took over the management of France's debt and issued shares of its own stock in exchange for government bonds which had fallen sharply in value. -The stocks soared in value and investors sold them for paper money which they wanted to exchange for gold but the French bank lacked the gold to pay out. -Law was forced to flee France and this affair became known as the Mississippi Bubble.

Two Models of European Political Development: part two

-The nature, and cost, of warfare increased throughout the 1500s. -Monarchs needed new money sources to fight these wars. -English monarchs, in pursuit of adequate income, threatened the local interests of the wealthy. -These politically active groups effectively resisted the monarchs' attempted intrusions. -Louis XIV made the French nobility dependent on his goodwill and patronage. -He helped them pursue local interests. -But Louis's dominance was not complete. Parlements still had much power. -A strong Protestant religious movement known as Puritanism arose in England and actively opposed the Stuart monarchy. -Louis XIV, in contrast, crushed the Protestant communities in France. He was also supported by the Church. Although the English parliament was not strong going into the 1600s, it still had a long precedent of power and effectively organized the nobility. -The English also had a strong sense of liberty and the rule of law. -France lacked a similarly strong tradition of broad liberties, representation, and bargaining between the monarchy and other national institutions. -Because of the weakness of the Estates General, whatever political forces might have wished to oppose or limit the monarchy lacked an institutional based from which to operate. -The two countries also had leaders of very different personalities.

Act of Settlement

-This law sanctioned that the English crown be passed to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if Anne, the second daughter of James II and heir to the childless William III, died without issue. -At Anne's death in 1714, the Elector of Hanover became King George I of Great Britain since England

Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic

-Two factors led to Parliament's victory over the king -Parliament established an alliance with Scotland in 1643 that committed Parliament to a Presbyterian system of church government. -Oliver Cromwell, a country squire known for discipline and his devout Puritan beliefs, took charge of the Roundhead army. -The Cavaliers were defeated militarily by June of 1645, members of Parliament known to be sympathizers of Charles were expelled from Parliament in December 1648, then on January 30—after a "special" trial—Charles was executed. -Parliament abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Anglican Church. o Cromwell rules England -From 1649 to 1660, England was a Puritan republic although Cromwell dominated it. -Cromwell's army brutally conquered Scotland and Ireland where they carried out atrocities against Irish Catholics. -When the House of Commons suggested that Cromwell disband his army of 50,000 men because it was expensive to maintain, he disbanded Parliament and named himself Lord Protector of England which he ruled by means of a military dictatorship. -The English people hated the strict Puritan regulations against drunkenness, theatergoing, and dancing as political liberty vanished for the sake of religious conformity. -When Cromwell died in 1658, the people of England were ready to restore Anglicanism and the monarchy.

The Years of Louterm-49is XIV's Personal Rule

-When Mazarin died in 1661, Louis XIV took personal control of France at the age of twenty-three and ruled until 1715. -Louis devoted tremendous personal energy to his political tasks. -Louis ruled through councils that controlled foreign affairs, the army, domestic administration, and economic regulations. -Louis appointed members of families who had long histories of royal service and people just beginning to rise in the social structure as they did not have the power base in the provinces—and present a potential threat—like the ancient nobles. -Louis managed the nobility well by conferring with regional judicial bodies, called parlements, and consulting opinions before making rulings that would affect them. -Louis clashed with the Parlement of Paris in 1673 and required that it register laws before raising questions about them.

Glorious Revolution

-William of Orange arrived with his army in November 1688 and was received by the English people without significant opposition. -James fled to France and in 1689 Parliament named William III and Mary II the new monarchs, thus completing the bloodless "Glorious Revolution." -William and Mary agreed to recognize the Bill of Rights that limited the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English privileged classes. -English monarchs would now be subject to the law and would be ruled by the consent of Parliament which would be called into session every three years. -The Bill of Rights prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the throne. -the Toleration Act of 1689 permitted worship by all Protestants and outlawed only Roman Catholics and those who denied the Christian doctrine of the Trinity.

Young Louis XIV and Mazarin

-continued Richelieu's determined policy of centralization -during Mazarin's regency, long-building resentment produced a backlash: between 1649 and 1652, in a series of widespread rebellions known as the Fronde, segments of the nobility and townspeople sought to reverse the drift toward absolute monarchy and to preserve local autonomy -The Parelment of Paris ignited the revolt in 1649, and the nobility at large soon followed -urging them on were influential wives of princes whom Mazarin imprisoned for treason -the many (nobility) briefly triumphed over the one (the monarchy) when Mazarin released the imprisoned princes in February 1651 -he and Louis XIV thereafter went briefly into exile -they returned in October 1652 after an interlude of nearly anarchist rule by the nobility

Peace of Ryswick

-ended the war and it secured Holland's borders and prevented Louis's expansion into Germany.

Toleration act of 1689

-permitted worship by all Protestants and outlawed only Roman Catholics and those who denied the Christian doctrine of the Trinity

Louis XII and Richelieu

-when Henry died, his heir (Louis XIV) was only 9 -task of governing fell in the hands of the queen Marie de Medicis -finding herself in a vulnerable position, she sought security abroad by signing a ten-year mutual defense pact with France's arch rival; Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau -this alliance also arranged fir marriages between Louis XII and a Spanish princess between the queen's daughter and the heir to the Spanish throne -Richelieu, loyal and shrewd, sought to make France the supreme European power -he was responsible for the French success in the first half of the seventeenth century -Richelieu pursued a strongly anti-Hapsburg policy -although he supported the Spanish alliance of the queen and the Catholic religious unity within France, he was determined to contain Spanish power and influence, even when that meant aiding and abetting Protestant Europe -in 1631, he pledged funds to the Protestant army of Gustavus Aldolphus, the king of Sweeden, while also insisting that Catholic Bavaria could be spared from attack and that Catholics in conquered countries be permitted to practice their religion -France gained land and political influence with the Treaty of Westphalia -at home, Richelieu pursued centralizing policies without qualm -supported by the king, Richelieu stepped up on the campaign against separatist provincial governors (parlements) -he made it clear that there was only one law: that of the king -when disobedient nobles defied his edicts, they would be imprisoned and even executed -he was able to put power of the state first -started the campaign against Huguenots -royal armies conquered major Huguenot cities in 1629 -the subsequent Peace of Alais truncated the Edict of Nantes by denying Protestants the right to maintain garrisoned cities, separate political organizations, and independent law courts -only Richelieu's foreign policy prevented the earlier implementation of the policy of extreme intolerance that marked the reign of Louis XIV -negotiated to make Gustavus Adolphus his counterweight to the expansion of Habsburg power within the Holy Roman Empire -Richaelieu employed the arts and the printing press to defend his actions and to indoctrinate the French people in the meaning of raison d etat