Chapter 13: Urban Patterns, Chapter 13

Developed countries

produce more CO2

The UN target for the US CO2 emissions

reduction through reducing the use of fossil fuels

Central zone model

shows an area as a series of concentric rings of different activities that are dependent on each other, starting with the CBD in the center with office spaces, in the surrounding area retail spaces and some residential areas, suburbs surrounding that, and on the very outer ring the wealthy own far spaced out homes

Lower income housing

smaller housing/plots of land, and in vertical areas small apartments with increasing rent

Vertical Development

the maximization of space in the form of skyscrapers or underground usage

Central city

the urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs

municipality

A city, town, etc. having its own incorporated government for local affairs.

Peripheral model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Sector Model (Hoyt Model)

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district

redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

Gentrification and urban renewal

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area

Suburb

A subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls.

Before colonization, cities were centered around what primary structure? A. A religious core B. The CBD C. The dwelling of the ruler D. Government buildings E. The tallest building, such as a ziggarut

A. A religious core

Where is Megalopolis? A. Boston to Washington DC. B. Tokyo. C. Chicago to New York City. D. Greece. E. the Boswah Corridor.

A. Boston to Washington DC.

Which of the following regions are included in an MSA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)? You may select more than one answer if needed. A. The suburban areas surrounding city that is the center of an MSA. B. Surrounding counties that send a lot of workers to the MSA. C. Any national parks or public land areas adjacent to the MSA. D. The MSAs to the north and south of it. E. The county in which the MSA is located.

A. The suburban areas surrounding city that is the center of an MSA B. Surrounding counties that send a lot of workers to the MSA.

A census tract is a part of an urbanized area that contains about 5,000 residents. A. True B. False

A. True

Colonial cities were characterized by which of the following? A. Wider streets and a lower population density B. Narrow streets and slum areas C. A grid-like pattern centering around a religious temple D. Sections set off for Christians, Jews, and foreigners E. Both A and C

A. Wider streets and a lower population density

According to the sector model, the best housing is located in... A. a corridor from downtown to the edge of the city B. an outer ring surrounding the city C. nodes near universities and parks D. renovated inner-city neighborhoods

A. a corridor from downtown to the edge of the city

Factories have moved to suburban locations in part because of... A. access to main highways B. adequate space to build vertical structures C availability of large tracts of high-priced land D. good rail connections

A. access to main highways

Megalopolis refers to... A. adjacent, overlapping MSAs B. central cities C. consolidated metropolitan statistical areas D. central cities plus urbanized areas

A. adjacent, overlapping MSAs

A process by which real estate agents convince white owners to sell their houses is A. blockbusting B. filtering C. gentrification D. redlining

A. blockbusting

The U.S. government has encouraged the use of cars in part by... A. building interstate highways B. charging high gasoline taxes C. constructing new subways D. protecting prime agricultural land

A. building interstate highways

In U.S. cities, the underclass is... A. clustered in inner-city neighborhoods B. dispersed throughout the city C. clustered in suburbs D. distributed uniformly in the city

A. clustered in inner-city neighborhoods

Land values are high in the CBD primarily because of..... A. competition for limited space B. high threshold and range C. less intensive land use D. construction of skyscrapers

A. competition for limited space

Compared to the private automobile, public transportation offers more... A. energy efficiency B. flexibility C. pollution D. privacy

A. energy efficiency

Compared to the United Kingdom, the amount of sprawl in the United States is... A. greater B. lesser C. about the same D. no longer existing

A. greater

The CBD attracts offices primarily because of its... A. high accessibility B. high land costs C. more intensive land use D. construction of skyscrapers

A. high accessibility

According to the multiple nuclei model, an airport is likely to attract nearby... A. industries B. residences C. shops D. universities

A. industries

European CBDs are similar to those in North America because they both contain... A. retail and office activities B. extensive residential areas C. skyscrapers D. structures inherited from medieval times

A. retail and office activities

What are greenbelts? A. Parks created in the inner city to decrease pollution. B. Rings of open space surrounding European cities like London to combat sprawl. C. The loop around the edge of Harris' peripheral model. D. Corridors of agricultural land within suburban areas. E. Eco-friendly subway lines in central cities.

B) Rings of open space surrounding European cities like London to combat sprawl.

A city is a/an... A. Center of services. B. Urban settlement that is self-governing. C. CBD and surrounding suburbs. D. Center of an MSA. E. Geographic area with a high density of people

B) Urban settlement that is self-governing.

Public transit is more extensive in Western European cities than in the United States primarily because... A. Europeans can't afford cars B. European governments subsidize public transit C. density is lower D. the central city contains fewer high-rises

B. European governments subsidize public transit

When they conquered cities in the New World, European conquerors preserved established pre-colonial city patterns. A. True B. False

B. False

Higher income people tend to live near the center of the city in all but which of the following regions? A. Latin America B. North America C. South Asia D. Western Europe

B. North America

Because so few people live in the CBD, urban areas are characterized by a high degree of.... A. blockbusting B. commuting C. threshold D. skyscrapers

B. commuting

As a result of high land costs, the American CBD is characterized by..... A. less intensive land use B. construction of skyscrapers C. competition for limited space D. high threshold and range

B. construction of skyscrapers

Sprawl is the.... A. change in density within an urban area from the center to the periphery B. development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built-up area C. land maintained as open space surrounding an urban area D. period in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic

B. development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built-up area

Public transportation is better suited for commuting to the CBD primarily because... A. it is less expensive B. each traveler takes up less space C. commuters desire to use it D. the population of the CBD has declined

B. each traveler takes up less space

The multiple nuclei theory best explains why different neighborhoods of a city attract people of different... A. ages B. ethnic origin C. income D. marital status

B. ethnic origin

A land use typically excluded from a North American CBD is... A. government B. industrial D. office E. retail

B. industrial

The typical medieval European urban settlements were characterized by the..... A. dispersal of palaces, churches, and other important buildings throughout the town B. placement of buildings around a central market square C. demolition of ancient walls surrounding the town D. provision of parks and open space surrounding important churches

B. placement of buildings around a central market square

The largest percentage of the U.S. population lives in... A. central cities B. suburbs C. nonmetropolitan areas D. all of the above

B. suburbs

Which statement best describes the relationship between urbanization and the industrial revolution? A. urbanization promoted the industrial revolution B. the industrial revolution promoted urbanization C. urbanization preceded the industrial revolution by thousands of years D. urbanization and the industrial revolution are no longer related.

B. the industrial revolution promoted urbanization

The city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs is the... A. central city B. urbanized area C. metropolitan statistical area D. consolidated metropolitan statistical area

B. urbanized area

consumer services

Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services

Which of the following is not true about urbanization? A. Urbanization is the process by which cities grow. B. The percentage of urban population has recently exceeded the percentage of rural population for the first time in human history. C. Higher numbers of people moving into cities indicate a high level of development. D. Urban settlements typically have a wide variety of cultural and ethnic influences. E. 8 of the 10 most populated cities in the world are in LDCs.

C. Higher numbers of people moving into cities indicate a high level of development.

What is one major difference between suburban areas in the US and Europe? A. US suburban areas are on the outskirts of cities, European suburban areas form independently of cities. B. US suburban areas do not typically have access to public transport, European suburban areas enjoy access to buses and subways. C. US suburban areas enjoy relatively low crime rates and good schools, European suburban areas have more crime and poorer schools than in the cities. D. US suburban areas are clustered in segregated developments, European suburban areas are dispersed along the beltway. E. There is no difference between the two.

C. US suburban areas enjoy relatively low crime rates and good schools, European suburban areas have more crime and poorer schools than in the cities.

Compared to the United States, poor families in European cities are more likely to be... A. clustered in inner-city neighborhoods B. dispersed throughout the city C. clustered in suburbs D. distributed uniformly in the city

C. clustered in suburbs

A process of converting a neighborhood from low-income to middle-class is.... A. blockbusting B. filtering C. gentrification D. redlining

C. gentrification

According to the concentric zone model, a city develops in a series of... A. corridors B. nodes C. rings D. all of the above

C. rings

The process whereby an increasing percentage of people live in an urban area is known as... A. demographic transition B. rank-size rule C. urbanization D. central place theory

C. urbanization

Micropolitan Statistical Area

An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of living in the suburbs? A. Less crime and drug use. B. Better schools for families with children. C. Parking space and a yard. D. Stores, workplaces, and services within walking distance. E. The opportunity to own your own home.

D) Stores, workplaces, and services within walking distance.

What is a squatter settlement? A. Suburban areas in LDCs B. The peripheral zone in the Latin American city model C. Slums in inner cities such as Chicago D. Housing for poor migrants that contains very few services E. Another name for an edge city

D. Housing for poor migrants that contains very few services

Chicago's CBD (Central Business District) is known as... A. The Skyline B. Business Central C. Wall Street D. The Loop E. Favela

D. The Loop

What was Louis Wirth's contribution to the study of urban patterns? A. Wirth designed the concetric zone model. B. Wirth designed the Latin American city model. C. Wirth studied and created patterns for suburban areas. D. Wirth created three ways to identify an urban area. E. Wirth was the mayor of Los Angeles, and he created new systems of public transport.

D. Wirth created three ways to identify an urban area.

The zone in transition in U.S. cities typically contains all but which of the following? A. warehouses B. gentrified buildings C. public housing D. all of the above are found in the zone in transition.

D. all of the above are found in the zone in transition

Public housing is... A. conversion of low-income housing to middle-class housing B. illegally established low-income housing. C. housing that has changed from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment D. low-income government-owned housing

D. low-income government-owned housing

Some employees of suburban businesses may suffer hardships because they do not... A. commute to the CBD B. experience sprawl C. live near the business D. own automobiles

D. own automobiles

A process by which banks designate an area within which they refuse to lend money for improvements is... A. blockbusting B. filtering C. gentrification D. redlining

D. redlining

What activity tends to locate on the street-level floor of a skyscraper in a typical North American CBD? A. government B. industrial C. office D. retail

D. retail

When the models of urban structure developed in Chicago are applied to Rio de Janeiro, one conclusion is that... A. both cities are located near large lakes B. Rio de Janeiro doesn't have high income neighborhoods C. the models don't work in Rio de Janeiro D. the poorest people are located in different areas.

D. the poorest people are located in different areas

The largest number of trips are made for what purpose? A. personal business B. shopping C. social journeys D. work

D. work

Sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Air pollution controlled through technology

Diesel, Hybrid, Ethanol, Electronic, Plug-in Hybrid, Hydrogen fuel cell

In the concetric zone model, which of the following is most likely to locate in the outermost ring? A. Industries and factories B. Squatter settlements C. Public housing D. Agricultural establishments E. Wealthy suburban homeowners

E. Wealthy suburban homeowners

The Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)

First stage of Borchert's Epochs where all sizable urban settlements were located on the Atlantic coast or navigable rivers. Urban settlements were small, compact centers based on walking and horse and wagons.

Auto-Air- Amenity Epoch (1920 to Present)

Fourth stage of Borchert's Epochs where the railroads began to decline as well as coal-based energy and steam power (replaced with gasoline and diesel). Populations from urban areas began to disburse to suburban and rural locations with increased automotive ownership and highway construction. This leads to suburbanization Air travel increased as rail travel declined.

Urbanized Area

In the United States, a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs, 50,000+ residents

metropolitian statistical area (MSA)

In the United States, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the area, 50,000+ people

urban cluster

In the United States, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants.

Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States

Retail services in CBD

Retailers with a high threshold, retailers with a high range, and retailers serving downtown workers.

The Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)

Second stage of Borchert's Epochs where the invention of the steam-driven railroad allowed for the rapid expansion from urban settlements into surrounding regions. Steamboats increased the movement of goods and river cities emerged with significant growth.

Density gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.

Central Business District (CBD)

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

The Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920)

Third stage of Borchert's Epochs that coincides with the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION and explains the contemporary distribution of urban settlements as they emerged along the railroads. Industrial centers in the Northeast and Midwest continued to grow and became dependent on railroad transportation.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place

filtering

a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment

Megalopolis

a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together

Social challenges caused by rapid growth

associated with underclass residents; inadequate job skills, culture of poverty, homelessness, drugs, crime, inadequate services, municipal finance shortage

Projects

being destroyed for the middle class

Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion Epoch

computer technology revolutionary innovation, changed peoples lives and employment opportunities, new industries of the late 19th century Industrial Revolution attracted immigrant groups & neighborhoods emerged, as technologies changed, or moved to new areas, and as new immigrants assimilated into the culture, the neighborhoods changed as well

Road congestion controlled through

congestion charges, tolls, permits, bans

retail services located further from the CBD

followed wealthy residents to the suburbs

limited land in the CBD

in high demand because of the limited horizontal space

High income housing

in vertical spaces, closer to the CBD, but large land areas are dedicated residential areas

The US census defines urban areas depending

on the size and number of municipalities and their interactions

Public transport in the US

peaked in 1940's, has since gone down