Chapter 15 & 16, Nutrition from Infancy to Adolescence & Nutrition & Aging
dietary concerns for adolescents
- tobacco and alcohol use - adolescent athletes are susceptible to nutrition misinformation - physiological changes dictate nutritional needs, but peer pressure may indicate food choices
4 through 18 years of age need a fat diet
25 to 35% of energt
children ages 1 to 3 years of age need a fat diet
30 to 40% of energy
semisolid and solid foods need to be gradually introduced into the infant's diet starting between ___
4 and 6 months of age
infants need a high fat diet
40 to 55% of energy intake
children should be active for ___ or more daily, and actives should be age appropriate, enjoyable, and offer a variety
60 minutes
average life expectancy
78.8 years
to increase variety, new foods should regularly be introduced into a child's diet, realizing that acceptance of the food might take at minimum ___
8 to 10 tries
National School Lunch Program (NSLP) National School Breakfast Program
a federally assisted meal program operating in public and nonprofit private schools and residential child care institutions
adolescence
a period of growth that is almost as rapid as that of infancy
how economic, social, and psychological factors affect nutritional status
a variety of social and econimic changes can impair nutritional health by decreasing the motivation to eat and the ability to acquire and enjoy food
the proportion of energy from the macronutrients recommended for ___ is similar to that of adults
adolescents
how impaired cognition puts the elderly at risk of malnutrition
altered mental states (dementia and Alzheimer's disease) can affect nutrition by interfering with the response to hunger and the ability to eat and to obtain and prepare food
age appropriate foods for 0-6 month olds
breast milk or formula - not ready for solid food because the tongue thrust forward and the baby is unable to hold head up
adequate ___ intake during childhood is essential for achieving maximum peak bone mass, which is important for preventing osteoporosis later in life
calcium
healthy eating habits learned in ___ sets the stage for nutrition and health in the adult years
childhood
age appropriate foods for 9-12 month olds
chopped vegetables, soft fruits, meats and beans, cooked pasta, and well cooked vegetables - table foods except foods in shapes and sizes likely to cause choking
___ should not be used before 1 year of age as it is difficult to digest
cow's milk
how alterations in GI tract put she elderly at risk of malnutrition
decrease in the secretion of saliva, slowing of gastric emptying, progression of atrophic gastritis, reduced stomach acid secretion, slowing of peristalsis, and the increase in constipation
dietary patterns high in sugars combined with poor dental hygiene put children at risk of ___
dental caries
these factors affects the rate of aging:
environment, disease, accidents, toxins, lifestyle, nutrition, exercise, stress, genetics, susceptibility to environmental stress, and ability to repair cellular damage
children often have period, known as ___, when they will eat only certain foods and nothing else
food jags
during puberty females ___
gain more body fat
during puberty males ___
gain more lean body tissue
___ should not be fed to children less than a year old because it may contain clostridium botulinum
honey
lack of sleep, overstimulation, the desire for more attention, the lack of physical activity, and caffeine consumption may all contribute to ___
hyperactivity
like adult obesity, childhood obesity increases the risk of chronic diseases
hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes
low income levels ___
increase the risk of malnutrition
although true food allergies are relatively rare, they are more common in ___ as their immature digestive tracts allow incompletely digested proteins to be absorbed
infants
age appropriate foods for 4-6 month olds
introduction of iron fortified rice cereal because it's easy to digest and less likely to cause allergies, pureed fruits and vegetables (single introduction to monitor for allergies)
age appropriate foods for 6-9 month olds
introduction of pureed or strained fruits and vegetables, meats and beans, limited finger foods - advance in size and texture with development - ex. teething biscuits, dry toast, crackers, bananas (monitor for choking)
___ can lower resistance to illness and slow recovery time. It can affect learning ability, intellectual performance, stamina, and mood
iron deficiency
the most commonly recommended food to be given first to an infant is ___
iron-fortified rice cereal mixed with formula or breast milk
the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) ensures that ___
low-income children continue to receive nutritious meals when school is not in session
how prescription and over-the-counter medications put the elderly at risk of malnutrition
medications can affect nutritional status by altering appetite, nutrient absorption, metabolism, or nutrient excretion
the best indicator to determine whether a child is receiving adequate nourishment is a ___
normal growth pattern - increases in length or height - appropriate increase in weight
to monitor for food allergies when solid foods are given to infants, it is important to introduce new foods ___
one at a time
the ___ associated with aging cause some to eventually require assistance in living
physical decline and psychological issues
when introducing complementary foods, ___
pick a time when the baby is alert and awake and not overly tired or hungry
as ___ is needed at all ages to repair and maintain tissues, unlike the energy requirements, the requirement for protein does not decline with age
protein
Federal Older Americans Act
purpose of the act is to promote the dignity of older adults by providing services and supports that enable them to remain independent and engaged citizens within their communities
children should be allows to determine how much the will eat in order to develop ___
self regulation
by 1 year of age, a child's kidneys have matured and the amount of fluid thorugh evaporation has decreased, ___
so total fluid losses decline
___ has been blamed for hyperactive behavior, but there is little evidence that it is the cause
sugar consumption
how changes in immune function put the elderly at risk of malnutrition
the ability of the immune system to fight disease declines with age - the reduction in reserve capacity and decline immune function that occur with age make infectious disease more frequent and more serious in the elderly
reserve capacity
the amount of functional capacity that an organ has above and beyond what is needed to sustain life
babies need to learn how to eat from a spoon because ___
the spoon is not soft and warm like the breast, and the food is a different texture than breast milk
food insecurity
the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food
polypharmacy
the use of more than 5 medications
how sensory decline puts the elderly at risk of malnutrition
there are changes in the sense of smell that affect the appeal of food and changes in vision that affect the ability to prepare food
how conditions that decrease mobility put the elderly at risk of malnutrition
these limitations affect the ability to maintain good nutritional health by making it hard to shop, prepare food, get around the house, or go out to eat