Chapter 15 & 16, Nutrition from Infancy to Adolescence & Nutrition & Aging

dietary concerns for adolescents

- tobacco and alcohol use - adolescent athletes are susceptible to nutrition misinformation - physiological changes dictate nutritional needs, but peer pressure may indicate food choices

4 through 18 years of age need a fat diet

25 to 35% of energt

children ages 1 to 3 years of age need a fat diet

30 to 40% of energy

semisolid and solid foods need to be gradually introduced into the infant's diet starting between ___

4 and 6 months of age

infants need a high fat diet

40 to 55% of energy intake

children should be active for ___ or more daily, and actives should be age appropriate, enjoyable, and offer a variety

60 minutes

average life expectancy

78.8 years

to increase variety, new foods should regularly be introduced into a child's diet, realizing that acceptance of the food might take at minimum ___

8 to 10 tries

National School Lunch Program (NSLP) National School Breakfast Program

a federally assisted meal program operating in public and nonprofit private schools and residential child care institutions

adolescence

a period of growth that is almost as rapid as that of infancy

how economic, social, and psychological factors affect nutritional status

a variety of social and econimic changes can impair nutritional health by decreasing the motivation to eat and the ability to acquire and enjoy food

the proportion of energy from the macronutrients recommended for ___ is similar to that of adults

adolescents

how impaired cognition puts the elderly at risk of malnutrition

altered mental states (dementia and Alzheimer's disease) can affect nutrition by interfering with the response to hunger and the ability to eat and to obtain and prepare food

age appropriate foods for 0-6 month olds

breast milk or formula - not ready for solid food because the tongue thrust forward and the baby is unable to hold head up

adequate ___ intake during childhood is essential for achieving maximum peak bone mass, which is important for preventing osteoporosis later in life

calcium

healthy eating habits learned in ___ sets the stage for nutrition and health in the adult years

childhood

age appropriate foods for 9-12 month olds

chopped vegetables, soft fruits, meats and beans, cooked pasta, and well cooked vegetables - table foods except foods in shapes and sizes likely to cause choking

___ should not be used before 1 year of age as it is difficult to digest

cow's milk

how alterations in GI tract put she elderly at risk of malnutrition

decrease in the secretion of saliva, slowing of gastric emptying, progression of atrophic gastritis, reduced stomach acid secretion, slowing of peristalsis, and the increase in constipation

dietary patterns high in sugars combined with poor dental hygiene put children at risk of ___

dental caries

these factors affects the rate of aging:

environment, disease, accidents, toxins, lifestyle, nutrition, exercise, stress, genetics, susceptibility to environmental stress, and ability to repair cellular damage

children often have period, known as ___, when they will eat only certain foods and nothing else

food jags

during puberty females ___

gain more body fat

during puberty males ___

gain more lean body tissue

___ should not be fed to children less than a year old because it may contain clostridium botulinum

honey

lack of sleep, overstimulation, the desire for more attention, the lack of physical activity, and caffeine consumption may all contribute to ___

hyperactivity

like adult obesity, childhood obesity increases the risk of chronic diseases

hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes

low income levels ___

increase the risk of malnutrition

although true food allergies are relatively rare, they are more common in ___ as their immature digestive tracts allow incompletely digested proteins to be absorbed

infants

age appropriate foods for 4-6 month olds

introduction of iron fortified rice cereal because it's easy to digest and less likely to cause allergies, pureed fruits and vegetables (single introduction to monitor for allergies)

age appropriate foods for 6-9 month olds

introduction of pureed or strained fruits and vegetables, meats and beans, limited finger foods - advance in size and texture with development - ex. teething biscuits, dry toast, crackers, bananas (monitor for choking)

___ can lower resistance to illness and slow recovery time. It can affect learning ability, intellectual performance, stamina, and mood

iron deficiency

the most commonly recommended food to be given first to an infant is ___

iron-fortified rice cereal mixed with formula or breast milk

the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) ensures that ___

low-income children continue to receive nutritious meals when school is not in session

how prescription and over-the-counter medications put the elderly at risk of malnutrition

medications can affect nutritional status by altering appetite, nutrient absorption, metabolism, or nutrient excretion

the best indicator to determine whether a child is receiving adequate nourishment is a ___

normal growth pattern - increases in length or height - appropriate increase in weight

to monitor for food allergies when solid foods are given to infants, it is important to introduce new foods ___

one at a time

the ___ associated with aging cause some to eventually require assistance in living

physical decline and psychological issues

when introducing complementary foods, ___

pick a time when the baby is alert and awake and not overly tired or hungry

as ___ is needed at all ages to repair and maintain tissues, unlike the energy requirements, the requirement for protein does not decline with age

protein

Federal Older Americans Act

purpose of the act is to promote the dignity of older adults by providing services and supports that enable them to remain independent and engaged citizens within their communities

children should be allows to determine how much the will eat in order to develop ___

self regulation

by 1 year of age, a child's kidneys have matured and the amount of fluid thorugh evaporation has decreased, ___

so total fluid losses decline

___ has been blamed for hyperactive behavior, but there is little evidence that it is the cause

sugar consumption

how changes in immune function put the elderly at risk of malnutrition

the ability of the immune system to fight disease declines with age - the reduction in reserve capacity and decline immune function that occur with age make infectious disease more frequent and more serious in the elderly

reserve capacity

the amount of functional capacity that an organ has above and beyond what is needed to sustain life

babies need to learn how to eat from a spoon because ___

the spoon is not soft and warm like the breast, and the food is a different texture than breast milk

food insecurity

the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

polypharmacy

the use of more than 5 medications

how sensory decline puts the elderly at risk of malnutrition

there are changes in the sense of smell that affect the appeal of food and changes in vision that affect the ability to prepare food

how conditions that decrease mobility put the elderly at risk of malnutrition

these limitations affect the ability to maintain good nutritional health by making it hard to shop, prepare food, get around the house, or go out to eat