Chapter 15 Italian Renaissance/World History and Geography

How was the burgher of the Renaissance similar to what today we would call the "middle class," and how was he or she different?

A burgher was like a modern middle class in that he or she was between the wealthy upper class and the low-wage workers. A burgher were unlike a modern middle class because he or her position as a burgher was more defined by trade (artisans, guild members) than by income levels.

What did a mercenary do during the Renaissance? Why does the term mercenary carry such a negative associations, or connotations?

A mercenary was a solider hired by ruling families or monarch to fight their wars for wealth and territory. The term has negative connotations because a mercenary fought for material gain rather than higher principles. Because a mercenary's service was based only on money, he was less controllable and could act savagely and dishonorably.

Some Italian writers, such as _______, author of the Divine Comedy, wrote in the ________, the local spoken language.

Dante; vernacular

What was the role of the mother-wife in the Italian family?

Her role was to supervise the household and raise her children, which might include their moral education.

__________, and important intellectual movement of the Renaissance, was based on the study of the _________, which included the literature of ancient Greece and Rome.

Humanism; classics

How did the fact that Italian artists often painted frescoes on large walls lead to the development of the technique of perspective?

Italian artists had experience painting frescoes on huge church walls. In order to portray realistic settings in these large frescoes, artists learned to master perspective, an artistic technique used to create the illusion of depth and distance.

The Flemish painter _________________ who was among the first to use the technique of ________________, portrayed objects realistically by focusing on their

Jan Van Eyck; oil painting

German printer __________ pioneered a new kind of printing that used ____________.

Johannes Gutenberg; movable type

During the High Renaissance, master painters such as Raphael,__________, and __________________ captured the perfection of nature and of the individual in their arts.

Leonardo da Vinci; Michelangelo

What did Machiavelli think about the connection between politics and moral principles?

Machiavelli thought that morality had nothing to do with politics, and religion should not become apart of politics as well.

_________, known as the father of the Italian Renaissance humanism, began the emphasis on using pure classical ________.

Petrarch; Latin

Italian states like Venice and Florence were officially republics. In what sense were they republics in name only?

Republics were supposed to be governed by citizens and their elected officials instead of hereditary rulers. However, in some Italian-city states wealthy merchants or powerful aristocratic families held the real power behind the scenes.

Why were the five major Italian states of Rome, Venice, Milan, Florence, and Naples able to so thoroughly dominate Italian culture during the Renaissance?

The five major states were able to dominate Italian culture because because trade made them wealthy, giving them enormous economic clout in Italian politics.

What are the major territorial Italian States?

The major territorial city-states in Italy are Venice, Milan ,and Florence.

Briefly describe one key difference between the styles of painting developed in Italy and in Northern Europe during the Renaissance..

The style of painting developed in Italy relied on techniques of perspective;the style developed in Northern Europe relied on the use of striking realism through the rendering of fine details.

How did the growth of monarchical states in Europe affect the Italian States?

The wealth of Italy caught the King of France's attention. France started a war with Italy,and this led to Italy becoming poor.

Describe the lives of the urban upper class in Renaissance society.

The wealthy dominated their communities. They controlled lower class men.

How were the lives of burghers and workers similar?

They had money coming in as well from shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters, and guild members.

What was expected of the nobility in Renaissance society?

They were expected to fulfill certain ideals in Renaissance.

What was the purpose of marriage?

To strengthen business or family ties, and marriages were usually arranged during this time period.

How did these states rise to power, and what kind of power did they have?

Venice got its fame from merchant fleets, Milan was one of the richest cities because of major trading, and Florence waged a lot of successful wins in the wars. "The Economy"

What were some reasons Renaissance humanist writers gave for writing in the vernacular?

Writers such as Dante wrote in the vernacular, or local spoken language, so that their works could be understood by as many people as possible, not just scholars.

Phrase that describes some aspect of humanism. a)belief that people can never achieve their full potential b)value of a liberal education c)revival of classical Greek and Latin d)religion-centered view of life e)development of well-rounded citizens f)neglect of physical education g)growth of reading public h)support for medieval ways of thinking about the world

b,c,e,g

The printing of books encouraged scholarly __________ and helped stimulate the reading public's desire to acquire _____________.

research; knowledge

Like painters, Renaissance ___________ and _____________ sought to portray a human-centered world.

sculptors; architects

The increasingly _________ focus of education in the humanist movement led to a core of topics called ______________.

secular; liberal studies

Two major developments, an emphasis the __________ side of painting and study of movement and human ___________, helped Renaissance artists achieve the realistic portrayal of the individual.

technical; anatomy

Humanist educators believed that the purpose of education was to create___________ citizens, and they stressed the importance of prepping the ___________ as well as the mind by emphasizing physical education.

well-rounded; body